Reading comprehension home exercise-20 PASSAGE D

Over the past few decades, many Asian nations transformed from poverty into global competitors. From 2003 to 2007, Asian economies expanded at an average annual rate of 8.1% triple that of advanced economies. Over the same period, inflation in Asia averaged only about 3.5% .But Asia could be facing turbulent economic times. In May, the average inflation rate throughout the region reached nearly 7% annual rate in June according to the latest government figures the highest in 13 years.

Policymakers and central bankers are forced to raise interest rates and limit credit to get inflation under control. But these same measures suppress the investment and consumption that generates growth. The combination of slowing growth and soaring inflation makes economic policy making tricky. Inflation stirs up the middle classes because it can quickly erase years of hard-won personal gains. Inflation is cruel to the poor, because families have to spend a larger share of their meager incomes on necessities. In the Philippines farmers, unable to afford fuel for tractors use water buffalos to plow their fields.

But to avoid unrest, leaders cannot blindly adopt rigid anti-inflation measures. Voters won’t hesitate to remove from office any politician who doesn’t deliver the goods. So they cannot overreact to the inflation threat and scale down economic growth in the process. Developing nations need to grow quickly to create jobs and increase incomes for their large populations. With prices soaring, doing nothing is not n option. Most central banks in Asia have started raising interest rates. The Reserve Bank of India increased its benchmark rate twice last month to a six year high of 8.5 %.

The challenge is especially difficult because currently, inflation is not of domestic origin. Prices are being driven higher by a global surge in oil and food prices, which individual governments can do little to control. Of course, inflation is not just a problem in Asia. World Bank president Robert Zoellick called rising food and oil prices a man-made “catastrophe” that could quickly reverse the gains made in overcoming poverty over the past seven years. For now, though there is more talk than action on the international front, so Asian governments are on their own.

Even though inflation throughout the region is likely to continue to rise in coming months, no one is expecting an economic calamity. According to the Asia Development Bank Asian countries have large currency reserves and relatively healthy banks, and so are far better prepared to absorb external shocks than they were during the region’s last recession ten years ago. Asian policymakers have learned their lessons and are more alert.

9.       Which of the following can be said about Asian economies during the period form 2003-2007?

A.      Though inflation was rising at the time politicians did not pay much attention.

B.      Many of the poor countries were able to compel internationally.

C.      The growth rate of Asian countries was facilitated by growth in advanced countries.

A.      All (A), (B) & (C)

B.      Only (A)

C.      Only (B)

D.      Both (A) & (B)

10.   Which of the following is not an anti- inflation measure being used by Asian countries?

A.      Increase in benchmark interest rate by a central bank.

B.      Checks n lending

C.      Subsidizing fuel for farmers.

A.      Only (C)

B.      Both (A) & (B)

C.      Both (B) & (C)

D.      Only (B)

11.   What makes it difficult for Asian countries to control inflation?

A.      Restrictions by organizations like the Asian Development Bank

B.      Governments are indecisive and adopt counterproductive measure.

C.      The problem is global in nature not restricted to their individual countries.

D.      Economic growth rate cannot occur in the absence of inflation.

12.   Why are experts not very concerned about the impact of inflation on Asian economies?

A.      Asian countries have not maintained substantial hard currency reserves.

B.      The condition of Asian banks in currently both stable and strong.

C.      The Asian Development Bank will bail them out of any trouble.

A.      Only (A)

B.      Both (A) &(C)

C.      Both (A) & (B)

D.      Only (B)

13.   What is the author’s advice to politicians regarding the handling of inflation?

A.      They should focus on preventing agitations among their citizens not implementing anti-inflation measures.

B.      They ought to implement anti-inflation measures even at the cost of losing office.

C.      They must focus on maintain high economic growth rate as inflation will taper off on its own.

D.      Countries should handle the problem independently and not collectively.

14.   What could the impact of stringent inflation measures be?

A.      Increased consumption as families spend a larger part of their income on essential goods.

B.      Politicians may be voted out of power.

C.      Economic growth rate remains constant

D.      Old prices within the country remain stable despite high global prices.

15.   Why is high economic growth necessary for developing countries?

A.      To catch up with the growth rate of the advanced countries

B.      To sustain their economies despite the ill effects of inflation

C.      To provide better educational opportunities to their citizens.

D.      To create employment opportunities  for citizens

16.   Why has inflation been referred to as a “catastrophe”?

A.      Prices of essential commodities are unaffordable for all.

B.      Our past efforts to reduce poverty will be nullified

C.      Governments are unstable and do not take stringent decisions

D.      It has divided countries rather than ensuring co-operations among them

17.   Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A.      Growth rate in advanced countries was low so the effects of inflation were not felt.

B.      Closing the economy to global markets will reduce inflation.

C.      India has been the most severely by inflation.

A.      None

B.      Only (A)

C.      Only (B)

D.      Both (B) & (C)

18.   Which of the following factors was responsible for inflation in India?

A.      Reserve bank India razing the interest rates very frequently.

B.      High population growth

C.      Sudden rise in prices of oil worldwide

D.      Reckless competition with china

Answer:

Reading comprehension home exercise-20 PASSAGE C

The future of censorship is very bright in India- in media, culture and intellectual life. Do not be taken in by political postures and academies correctness- politicians, the bureaucracy, the literati and the middle class love censorship. They all want freedom for their own ideas, lifestyles and moral codes; censorship for that of others. It is obvious by now that modern democracies cultivate censorship as much as despotisms do. Indeed, a democratic state often goes farther. It creates a demand for censorship among vocal sections of the citizens, who come to believe that censorship is vital for their survival- political, cultural and moral. These sections are kept constantly anxious about national security and angry about the changing aesthetic, moral and sexual norms around them.

The nervousness of bureaucrats at the thought of open access to information’s is a simple matter. They fear openness because they fear loss of power, relevance and the right to extract favours. The created anxiety about security and creeping immorality is more compels. Security anxieties are the sharpest among those reduced to being passive consumers and spectators of politics and are entirely media- dependent for their political views. As their sense of personal efficacy declines, they begin to live in a more paranoiac world of traitors, enemies and conspirators.

The modern literati support a different form of censorship propelled by a deep-0seated fear of the people. Often shaped by nineteenth – century social and political theories, they believe that most citizens are ignorant, superstitious, mired in religious and caste hatred. The literati are perpetually afraid of wrong exposures that may help this god – forsaken ones to regress further into atavism and fanaticism. They love to prescribe for the latter a steady diet of educational TV, official documentaries, didactic cinema and politically correct editorial pages and handouts produced by the right kind of ideologues.

Censorship is going to stay and become more invidious. As the populous, culturally diverse democracies become more technocratic and their politics more professional, the electoral process becomes more media- dependent. Media gives one a chance to bypass the slow, painful process of building a political base by aggregating demands. Ti allows one to artificially create new demands and public consensus.

If you are a clever politician, through the media you can tailor for yourself a public persona that represents popular opinions, prejudices and allows some play for the untamed passions in your society, some of which you might have stoked in the first place. You can avoid painstaking, labour-intensive political work- trade unionism, social work, old-style grievance- articulation and party –building. Censorship becomes an easy way of manipulating public opinion.

The style however, differs from country to country. Some countries wield censorship and secrecy clumsily others subtly. Most data on Indian rivers are confidential; so are it appears all data on the health of prime ministers. As for non-state actors, about three decades ago, when a nondescript trade union declared Satyajit ray’s depiction of a young nurse in his movie Pratidwandi unfair and demanded re-censorship of the movie it seemed a minor spat produced by high-voltage trade unionism typical of excitable Bengalis. His country had, of course, progressed much when, about a decade ago a painting of saraswati by M F Husain, provoked the vandals of Bajrang Dal. The best, I am afraid, is yet to come. The scanty media coverage to the extreme reluctance of the government of India to sign the international convection on torture and of the human rights situation in the north-east and Kashmir are signposts of the future.

6.       Who are the most likely to be anxious about national security, according to the author?

A.      People who belong to family of freedom fighters.

B.      People who belong to highly educated and elite class.

C.      Who think that they have been given right to be anxious about national security by the system of modern governance.

D.      Those who are passive consumers and spectators of politics.

7.       Why does the author believe that it is easy to become a politician these days?

A.      There is dearth of good leaders and most of the people are not at all interested in joining politics so if one tries, one can become politician.

B.      Since it is the noblest profession so if one tries to get into field of politics with good intentions one can become politician easily.

C.      Because one can create an image in media while avoiding painstaking work.

D.      It is always easy to do anything in globalised word and becoming politician is one of them.

8.       What is implied by author when he says that the best is yet to come?

A.      That some new and harsh form of censorship will come into existence.

B.      That in India censorship lags well behind the forms of censorship in develop country so best is yet to come in India.

C.      That government is not being pen about torture and human rights so the best is yet to come.

D.      Since there has not been censorship in a few fields like education, sports etc. therefore the best is yet to come.

Answer:

Reading comprehension home exercise-20 PASSAGE B

 In the past decade, the computer culture has been the site of a series of battles over contested terrains. There have been struggles between formal logic and bricolage, about profound disruptions in our traditional ways of categorizing people and things, and about the nature of the real in a culture of simulation. These struggles marked the three sections of this book, in which we have seen the computer as tool, as mirror, and as gateway to a world through the looking glass of the screen. In each of these domains we are experiencing a complex interweaving of modern and postmodern, calculation and stimulation. The tensions are palpable.

In the struggle of epistemologies, the computer is caught between its natural pluralism and the fact that certain styles of computing are more culturally resonant than others.

 On one hand, the computer encourages a natural diversity of responses. Different people make the computer their own in their own ways. On the other hand, computers are increasingly expressing a constellation of ideas associated with postmodernism, which has been called our new cultural dominant. We have moved in the direction of accepting the postmodern values of opacity, playful experimentation, and navigation of surface as privileged ways of knowing.

In the contest over where the computer fits into categories such as what is or is not intelligent, alive or person-like, the game is still very much in play. Here, too, we saw tension. In one context people treat the machine as sentient, another; in a different context they insists on its “other-ness.” As people have become more comfortable psychologising computers and have come to grant them a certain capacity for intelligence, the boundary dispute between people and machines now falls on the question of life.

The final contest concerns the notion of the real. In simulated science experiments, virtual chemicals are poured from virtual backers, and virtual light bounces off virtual walls. In financial transactions, virtual money changes hands. In film and photography, realistic- looking images depict scenes that never took place between people who never met. And on the networked computers of our everyday lives, people have compelling interactions that are entirely dependent on their online self- representations. In cyberspace, hundreds of thousands, perhaps already millions, of users create online personae who live in a diverse group of virtual communities where the routine formation of multiple identifies undermines any notion of a real and unitary self. Yet the notion of the real fights back. 

People who live parallel lives on the screen are nevertheless bound by the descries, pain, and mortality of their physical selves. Virtual communities offer a dramatic new context in which to think about human identity in the age of the internet. They are spaces for learning about the lived meaning of a culture of simulation. Will it be a separate world where people get lost in the surfaces or will we learn to see how the real and the virtual can be made permeable, each having the potential for enriching and expanding the other. The citizens of MUDs are our pioneers.

As we stand on the boundary between the real and the virtual our experience recalls what the anthropologist Victor Turner termed a luminal moment f passage when new cultural symbols and meanings can emerge. Luminal moments are times of tension, extreme reactions, and great opportunity. In our time, we are simultaneously flooded with predictions of doom and predictions of imminent utopia. We live in a crucible of contradictory experience. When Turner talked about luminosity, he understood it as a transitional state- but living with flux may no longer be temporary. Donna Haraway’s characterization of irony illuminates our situation: “Irony is about contradictions that do not resolve into larger wholes….. About the tension of holding incompatible things together because both or all are necessary and true”. It is fitting that the story of the technology that is bringing postmodernism down to earth itself refuses modernist resolutions and requires openness to multiple viewpoints.

1.       Which of the following does not represent a post-mortem value?

A.      Opacity

B.      Experimentation

C.      Surface navigation

D.      Knowing

2.       The term “Psychologising “ as used here will most likely mean

A.      Making computers psychological

B.      Robotizing computers to make them perform human tasks.

C.      Imparting the computers hitherto human qualities.

D.      Treating computers with great consideration and respect

3.       Luminal moments are

A.      A time of great challenges and opportunities.

B.      Times of enlightenment.

C.      Quite rare, by definition.

D.      Moments of contradictory thinking.

4.       It can be inferred from the article that

A.      This piece is a part of a book.

B.      Computers are caught in a kind of struggle between natural pluralism and computing systems.

C.      The game is very much on in respect of which category the computer fits into.

D.      None of these.

5.       The tone of the author is marked by

A.      Enthusiasm

B.      Passion

C.      Callousness

D.      Analysis

Answer:

Reading comprehension home exercise-20 PASSAGE A

While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government –controlled economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in which state- owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of state-owned industries were running at about £3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over £34 billion from the sales, and now receives tax revenues from the newly privatized companies. Along with a dramatically improved overall economy the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.

In fact, privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area. At British Airways and British Gas. For example, productivity per employee has risen by 20 percent. At associated British Ports, labour disruptions common in the 1970s and early 1980’s have now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom there is no longer a waiting list- as there always was before privatization- to have a telephone installed.

Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. The responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares: at British Aerospace, 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think about it, care about it, and work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium the new employee owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiations they actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands.

Some economists have suggested that giving away free shares would provide a needed acceleration of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that “what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly.” In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.

1.       According to the passage, all of the following were benefits of privatizing state-owned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPT:

A.      Privatized industries paid taxes to the government.

B.      The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industries.

C.      The government repaid some of its national debt.

D.      Profits from industries that were still state- owned increased.

2.       According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivity in companies that have been privatized?

A.      A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.

B.      Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.

C.      The government ceased to regulate major industries.

D.      Unions conducted wage negotiations for employees.

3.       It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labour disruptions to be

A.      An inevitable problem in  a weak national economy

B.      A positive sign of employee  concern about a company

C.      A predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to them  

D.      A deterrence to high performance levels in an industry

4.       The passage supports which of the following statements about employee’s busing shares in their own companies?

A.      At three different companies, approximately nine out of ten of the workers were eligible to buy shares in their companies.

B.      Approximately 90 percent of the eligible workers at three different companies chose to buy shares in their companies.

C.      The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labour unions.

D.      Companies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allow their employees the opportunity to buy shares.

5.         Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle?

A.      A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particular industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.

B.      The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to force companies to maintain their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.

C.      The failure to harness the power of self-interest is an important reason that state- owned industries perform poorly.

D.      Governments that want to implement privatization programs must try to eliminate all resistance to the free- market system.

6.       Which of the following can b inferred from the passage about the privatization process in the United Kingdom?

A.      It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.

B.       It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription for business ownership.

C.      It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares

D.      It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.

7.       The quotation is most probably used to

a.       Counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect

b.      State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence

c.       Show how opponents of the viewpoint of the author of the passage have supported their arguments

d.      Point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.

Answer:

Reading comprehension Home Exercise- 19 PASSAGE D

Glaciers consist of snow that compresses over many years into large, thickened ice masses. Most of the world’s glacial ice is found in Antarctica and Greenland, but glaciers are found on nearly continent, even Africa. Presently. 10% of land area is colours but reflects blue. Almost 90% of an iceberg is below water; only about 10% shows above water, What makes glaciers unique is their ability to move. Due to sheer mass, glaciers flow like very slow rivers. Some glaciers are as small as football fields, whereas others grow to be over 100 kilometers long.

Within the past 750,000 years, scientists know that there have been eight ices Age cycle, separated by warmer periods called interglacial periods. Currently, the earth is nearing the end of an interglacial, meaning that another ice Age is due in a few thousand years. This is part of the normal climate variation cycle. Greenhouse warming may delay the onset of another glacial era, but scientists still have many questions to answer about climate change. Although glaciers change very slowly over long periods they may provide important global climate change signals.

The girth of the ice combined with gravity’s influence causes glaciers to flow very slowly. Once a mass compressed ice reaches a critical thickness of about 18 meters thick, it becomes so heavy that it begins to deform and move. Ice may flow down mountains and valleys fan across plains, or spread out to sea. Movement along the underside of a glacier is slower than movement at the top due to the friction created as it slides along the ground’s surface.

Most glaciers are found in remote mountainous areas. However some found near cities or towns present a danger to the people living nearby. On land, lakes formed on top of a glacier during the melt season may cause floods. At the narrow part of a valley glacier, ice falling from the glacier presents a hazard to hikers below. When ice breaks off over the ocean an iceberg is formed. Glaciers are a natural resource and contain 75% of the world’s freshwater. People worldwide are trying to harness the power of these frozen streams. Some tones rely on glacial melting from a nearby ice cap to provide drinking water. Some farmers spread soil or ashes over snow to promote melting. Hoping that the melting will provide water to irrigate crops in drought-stricken areas. Others have channeled melt water from glaciers to their fields. Scientists and engineers have worked together to tap into glacial resources, using electricity that has been generated in part by damming glacial melt water.

11.   According to paragraph 4, what is a negative effect of living too close to a glacier?

A.      The mass of the glacier reaches a critical thickness.

B.      About 10% of a glacier shows   above water.

C.      Spreading dark material over snow promotes melting.

D.      Lakes formed on top of glaciers may cause floods.

12.   The underlined word remote, as used in paragraph 4 of the passage most nearly means

A.      Isolated.

B.      Nearby

C.      Slow travelling.

D.      Difficult to see

13.   The passage explains that glaciers can be found where?

A.      Only on Antarctica

B.      Only Greenland and Alaska

C.      N nearly every continent

D.      Only the north and south poles

14.   According to the passage, why does glacial ice often appear blue?

A.      Because it does not absorb the colour blue.

B.      Because it absorbs all other colours but reflects blue

C.      Because it does not absorb all other colours including blue

D.      Because it is blue in colour

15.   After reading the passage, what can one conclude about glaciers?

A.      There will not be another ice Age coming.

B.      Glaciers have both negative and positive effects on human life.

C.      Scientists have difficulty studying glaciers.

D.      Scientists have minimal data on the formation of glaciers.

16.   After reading the passage, what can one infer about glaciers?

A.      Further exploration is needed to tap the power of glacial ice in fuelling electric energy.

B.      With variations in climate , glaciers shrink and expand

C.      Glaciers form in clod regions where the rate of snowfall is greater than the melting rate of snow

D.      Glaciers are usually bordered at the sides by rock debris

Answer:

Reading comprehension Home Exercise- 19 PASSAGE C

The wake up call that China represents to India is not limited to its showpiece urban centers or that New Delhi hopes India will experience the benefits that the Olympic Games have brought to Beijing. More pertinent is the comparison of the agricultural sectors of the two countries. Why and how has china managed to outstrip India in agriculture when 25 years ago the two countries were on par on most parameters? Both have traditionally been agrarian economies and over half their populations continue to depend on the land for their livelihood. With large populations and histories of famine, India and china share concern on issues such as food security. 

However, while India’s agricultural sector is projected to grow by about 2.5 per cent this year a slide from the previous year’s growth; China’s has been steadily growing at between 4 per cent and 5 per cent over the last fifteen years. The widest divergence between India and China is in the profitable horticultural sector with the production of fruits and vegetables in china leaping from 60 million tones in 1980 compared to India’s 55 million tons at the same time, to 450 million tones in 2003 ahead of India’s corresponding 135 million tones. China’s added advantage lies in the more diversified composition of its agricultural sector with animal husbandry and fisheries which account for close to 45 per cent growth compared to 30 per cent for India.

According to the latest report by the Economic Advisory council, the traditional excuses for India’s substandard performance in the farm sector are inadequate since India is placed favorably when compared to China in terms of quantity of arable land, average farm size, farm mechanization etc. the reasons for China having outperformed India are threefold: technological improvements accruing from research and development (china has over 1,000 R &D centers devoted to agriculture), investment in rural infrastructure and an increasingly liberalized agricultural policy moving away from self- sufficiency to leveraging the competitive advantage with a focus on “efficiency as much as equity”. 

Investment in rural infrastructure, roads, storage facilities marketing facilities are also crucial but government support in India has mainly been through subsidies, not investment. There has been much debate about subsidies and their utility: the opposing view being that subsidies are against the market reforms and distort the market as well as reduce resource efficiency. In contrast to the 2.046 applications for the registration of new plant varieties in China over the past few years, data reveals that despite India having the largest number of agricultural scientists in the world, India’s current research track record is abysmal, equivalent to what china achieved in the 1980s. For from developing new strains, the number of field crop varieties fell by 50 per cent between 1997 and 2001 despite the number of field crop varieties fell by 50 per cent between 1997 and 2001 despite the fact that there was sharp and sustained increase in funding.

One reason is that majority of the budget is eaten up by staff salaries with only 3 per cent being allotted for research. In contrast, most agricultural research centers in China must use Central government funding purely for research. Funds relating to salaries and other administrative incidentals must be generated by the centers themselves. The centers and scientists are thus encouraged to engage in joint ventures with private sector companies to form commercial signoffs from their research. In fact, research staffs are now being hired on a contract basis with pay based on performance and salaries raised proportionately for those who perform well. India needs to learn from China’s example and adopt a pragmatic approach if it has to meet its targets of the Eleventh Five year Plan.

1.       What has been the Major area of difference in the development of the agricultural sectors of India and China?

A.      Quantity of arable land in China is far greater than in India.

B.      Food security is not a concern for China as the country is basically self- sufficient

C.      China has experienced substantial growth in production in allied agricultural activities like horticulture.

D.      India’s agricultural sector is too diversified so it is difficult to channel funds for development.

2.       Which of the following is /are area / s in which China has not outdone India?

A.      Development of urban infrastructure

B.      Activities allied to agriculture like animal husbandry

C.      Successful bids for international sporting events

A.      None

B.      Only (B)

C.      Only (A)

D.      Both (A) & (C)

3.       Which of the following is NOT TRUE in the context of the passage?

A.      Agricultural status of china and India was equivalent a quarter of a century ago.

B.      India’s current economic growth rate is half that o China.

C.      China is traditionally an agrarian economy.

D.      Agricultural research in India is inadequate.

4.       How is Chinese agricultural research facilities governed?

A.      Salaries of staff are linked to performance and the hampers productive research.

B.      Their funding comes from the government alone to prevent private companies from manipulating the direction of their research.

C.      A fixed proportion of government grants is allotted to be utilized for administrative incidentals which cannot be exceeded.

D.      None of these

5.       According to the author which of the following is a legitimate explanation for India’s stagnating agricultural sector?

A.      India diverts funds that should be spent on agricultural research to urban development.

B.      Reforms are hampered because adequate subsidies are not provided by the government.

C.      The productive for registering new plant varieties is very tedious so research is limited.

a.       Only (A)

b.      Only (B)

c.        Only (C)

d.      None of these

6.       Which of the following is an advantage that India holds over China with respect to the agricultural sector?

A.      Lack of diversification of the agricultural sector.

B.      Superior technology and farming practices

C.      Granter prevalence  of farm mechanization

D.      Provision of fertilizer and power subsidies.

7.       Why was there a drop in development of new crop varieties for five years from 997?

A.      Government funding for research fell during that period.

B.      Funds were diverted during this period to agricultural mechanization

C.      The private sector was not allowed to fund research.

D.      None of these.

8.       What argument has been post against implementation of subsidies?

A.      Subsides sacrifice equity for efficiency.

B.      Subsidies hamper efficient resource utilization.

C.      Subsidies reduce private sector investment and involvement in agriculture.

A.      Both (A) & (B)

B.      Only (B)

C.       both (B) & (C)

D.      Only (A)

9.       Which of the following cannot be said about Indian agricultural universities?

A.      Attendance is poor because of the dwindling funds to carry out research.

B.      Enrollments of students and qualified staff have fallen because of the lack of funds  for salaries.

C.      Allotment for  research funding by the government , is non-existed

A.      Only (B)

B.      Both (A) & (B)

C.      Both (B) & (C)

D.      All (A), (B) & (C)

10.   Which of the following is not responsible for china’s successful transformation of its agricultural sector?

A.      Change in philosophy from self- sufficiency to competitiveness and efficiency

B.      Grater allocation  for subsidies

C.      Increased internment marketing and distribution network greater allocation for subsidies

A.      Only (B)

B.      Both (B) & (c)

C.      North (A) & (C)

D.      A11 (A), (B), & (C)

Answer: