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New Pattern Reading Comprehension Part- 24

 New Pattern Reading Comprehension Part- 24

 The work, which Gandhi had taken up, was not only achievement of political freedom but also the establishment of a social order based on truth and non-violence, unity and peace, equality and universal brotherhood and maximum freedom for all. This unfinished part of his experiment was perhaps even more difficult to achieve than the achievement of political freedom. In the political struggle, the fight was against a foreign power and all one could do, was either join it or wish it success and give it their moral support. In inaugurating the communal order of his pattern, there was a sparkling possibility of a skirmish arising between groups and classes of our own people. Experience shows that man values his possessions even more than his life because, in the former, he sees the means for perpetuation and survival of his descendants even after his body is reduced to ashes. A new order cannot be proven without fundamentally changing the mind and attitude of men towards property and, at some stage or the other, the ―haves‖ have to yield place to the have-nots. We have seen, in our time, attempts to achieve a kind of egalitarian society and the picture of it after it was achieved. But this was done, by and large, through the use of physical force. In the ultimate analysis, it is difficult, if not impossible, to say that the instinct to possess has been rooted out or that, it will not reappear in an even worse form under s different guise. It may even be that like a gas kept confined within containers under great pressure, or water held by a big dam, once a barrier brakes, the reaction will one day sweep back with a violence equal in extent and intensity to what was used to establish and maintain the outward egalitarian form. This obligatory equality contains in its dearest the seed of its own destruction. The root cause of class conflict is possessiveness or the acquisitive instinct. So Long as the ideal that is to be achieved is one of securing the maximum material satisfaction, possessiveness is neither suppresses nor eliminated but grows on what it feeds. Nor does it cease to be such it is possessiveness, still whether it is confined to only a few or is shared by many. If egalitarianism is to endure, it has to be based not on the possession of the maximum material goods by few or by all but on voluntary, enlightened renunciation of those goods, which cannot be shared by others or can be enjoyed only at the expense of others. This calls for substitution of spiritual values for purely material ones. The paradise of material satisfaction that is sometimes equated with neither progress these days spells peace nor progress. Mahatma Gandhi has shown us how the acquisitive instinct inherent in man could be transmuted by the adoption of the ideals of trusteeship by those who have for the benefit of all those who have not so, that instead of leading to exploitation and conflict, it would become a means and incentive for the amelioration and progress of society respectively.

New Pattern Reading Comprehension Part- 23

New Pattern Reading Comprehension Part- 23

Today we are happy to share some comprehension passages with which you would be able to improve your vocabulary in short term and easily score high marks in English section in any competitive exams. All the best.

Comprihension Exercise

The development of nationalism in the third world countries, as is well known, followed a very different trajectory from that in the advanced capitalist countries. In the latter it was a part of the process of the emergence of the bourgeois order in opposition of feudalism, while in the former it was a part of the anti-colonial struggle. The impact of colonialism, though it differed across countries, had on the whole been in the direction of transcending localism and unifying supra-local economic structures through the introduction of market relations. The struggle against colonialism, consequently, took the form of a national struggle in each instance in which people belonging to different tribes or linguistic communities participated. And the colonial power in each instance attempted to break this emerging national unity by splitting people. The modus operandi of this splitting was not just through political manipulation as happened for instance in Angola, South Africa and a host of other countries; an important part of this modus operandi was through the nurturing of a historiography that just denied the existence of any overarching national consciousness. The national struggle, the national movement were given a tribal or religious character, they were portrayed as being no more than the movement of the dominant tribe or the dominant religious group for the achievement of narrow sectional ends. But the important point in this colonialism, while, on the one hand, it objectively created the condition for the coming into being of a national consciousness at a supra-tribal, supra-local and supra-religious level, on the other hand it sought deliberately to subvert this very consciousness by using the same forces which it has objectively undermined.

   Question 1. 

Which of the following was the advantage of struggle against colonialism? 
(a) Tribal groups held their separate identity throughout the struggle.
(b) Communities got divided on the basis of religion and language.
(c) Backwardness of tribals was eradicated.
(d) Awareness beyond linguistic and religious identity was generated.
(e) None of these 

Question 2.

How did colonial power react to topple the anti-colonial structure? 
(a) by splitting people on the basis of their financial positions
(b) by using tempting economic strategies
(c) by creating linguistic, tribal and religious divides
(d) by instigating tribals against anti-communal forces.
(e) None of these

Question 3.

The author has given the example of Angola, South Africa, etc in order to 
(a) bring out the similarity of tactics used by the rulers of colonies to divide the natives
(b) emphasise how nationalism has become almost extinct and capitalism has borne roots
(c) support the argument that feudalism was opposed by people in underdeveloped countries also
(d) lay stress on the fact that tribals in those countries were divided on account of language
(e) None of these 

Question 4.

What was the role of an introduction of market relations in the process of economic integration? 
(a) It had different impacts in all colonial exercises.
(b) It overthrew the capitalistic approach in the third world countries.
(c) It advocated importance of localism and restricted economic growth.
(d) It broke the shackles of localism and helped unify the economic structures.
(e) None of these 

Question 5.

How did nationalism originate in the third world countries? 
(a) as a struggle against feudalism
(b) as vehement opposition to colonialism
(c) to advocate capitalistic movement
(d) to strengthen localism
(e) None of these 

Question 6.

What was the motive of colonial powers in writing a distorted history? 
(a) to emphasise he existence of domination by one tribe over other weaker tribes
(b) to make people aware of and to integregate on the basis of their rich cultural heritage
(c) to make people aware of their glorious religion and widely used language
(d) to give an impression to general people that there was no national consciousness and to prevent them from being united
(e) None of these 

Question 7.

Which of the following statements is definitely true in the context of the passage?
(A)Colonialism internally helped awakening nationalism among people of different tribes, religions, etc.
(B) Advanced capitalist countries had nurtured nationalism as an opposition to feudalism.
(C) The national struggle was not successful because the colonial powers succeeded in dividing the people.
(a) A and B only
(b) B and C only
(c) A only
(d) B only
(e) C only 

Question 8.

From the content of the passage, it appears that the author is 
(a) a vehement critic of anti-feudalism
(b) a staunch follower of capitalistic pattern
(c) an impartial commentator of historical and political events
(d) a person holding colonialism in high esteem
(e) a historian with view coloured in favour of nationalism 

Question 9.

The colonial powers tried to camouflage national movement and to show it as only 
(a) a historical fact having ancient roots
(b) skirmish led by a dominating tribe or a religious group with selfish motive
(c) dominance of narrow sectional ends over national goals
(d) survival of the fittest in the struggle against colonialism
(e) None of these Directions 

Question 10.

TRAJECTORY 
(a) result
(b) tradition
(c) path
(d) consequence
(e) precedence 

Question 11.

TRANSCENDING 
(a) widening
(b) reviving
(c) encompassing
(d) surpassing
(e) piloting 

Question 12.

EMERGENCE 
(a) renaissance
(b) onslaught
(c) imposition
(d) development
(e) rise Directions

Question 13.

SPLITTING
(a) severing
(b) uniting
(c) adding
(d) collecting
(e) assembling 

Question 14.

NURTURING 
(a) weakening
(b) cultivating
(c) demolishing
(d) fostering

Question 15.

SUBVERT 
(a) conquer
(b) escalate
(c) create
(d) emanate
(e) strengthen 

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New Pattern Reading Comprehension: Part- 22

Today we are happy to share some comprehension passages with which you would be able to improve your vocabulary in short-term and easily score high marks in English section in any competitive exams. All the best.

Comprehension Exercise

We have inherited the tradition of secrecy about the budget from Britain where also the system has been strongly attacked by eminent economists and political scientists including Peter Jay. Sir Richard Wilson, who was the originating prodigy of nearly every significant growth in the British budgeting procedures during the last two decades, has spoken out about the abuse of budget confidentiality: ―The problems of long-term tax policy should surely be debated openly with the facts on the table. In my estimation, all governments should have just the same onus to publish their spending policy. Indeed, this obligation to public taxation policy is really essential for the control of public expenditure in order to get realistic taxation implications. Realising that democracy flourishes best on the ideologies of open government, more and more democracies are having an open public dispute on budget suggestions before announcing the appropriate Bill in the legislature. In the United States, the budget is conveyed in a message by the President to the Congress, which comes well in advance of the date when the Bill is introduced in the Congress. In Finland, the Parliament and the people are already conversing in June the tentative modest suggestions which are to be familiarized in the Finnish Parliament in September. Every budget contains a cartload of figures in black and white-but the dark figures represent the myriad lights and shades of India‘s life, the contrasting tones of poverty and wealth, and of bread so dear and flesh and blood so cheap, the deep tints of adventure and enterprise and man‘s ageless struggle for a brighter morning. The Union budget should not be an annual scourge but a part of presentation of annual accounts of a partnership between the Government and the people. That partnership would work much better when the ridiculous confidentiality is substituted by openness and public consultations, resulting in fair laws and the people‘s acceptance of their moral duty to pay.

New Pattern Reading Comprehension Part- 21

 New Pattern Reading Comprehension Part- 21

Today we are happy to share some comprehension passages with which you would be able to improve your vocabulary in short term and easily score high marks in English section in any competitive exams. All the best.

Comprehension Exercise

Management is a set of processes that can keep a complicated system of people and technology running smoothly. The most central characteristics of management include scheduling, accounting, organizing, staffing, controlling, and problem-solving. Leadership is a set of process that generates organisations in the first place or acclimatizes them to expressively changing situations. Leadership outlines what the impending should look like, bring into line people with that vision, and inspires them to make it happen despite the obstacles. This distinction is absolutely crucial for our purposes here: Successful transformation is 70 to 90 per cent leadership and only 10 to 30 per cent management. Yet for historic motives, numerous organisations today don‘t have much headship. And almost everyone thinks about the problems here as one of managing change. For most of this century, as we created thousands and thousands of large organizations for the first time in human history, we didn‘t have enough good managers to keep all those bureaucracies functioning. Thus many companies and academies developed management programmes, and hundreds and thousands of people were stimulated to learn managing on the job. And they did. But, people were taught little about leadership. To some degree, management was emphasized because it‘s easier to teach than leadership. But even more so, supervision was the chief item on the twentieth-century outline because that‘s what was needed. For every entrepreneur or business builder who was a leader, we needed hundreds of managers to run their ever growing enterprises. Regrettably, for us today, this importance on management has often been longstanding in corporate cultures that dishearten workers from learning how to lead. Ironically, past success is usually the key ingredient in producing this outcome. The condition, as I have perceived it on many cases, goes like this: victory creates some degree of market supremacy, which in turn produces much progress. After a while keeping the ever larger organizations under control becomes the primary challenge. So attention turns inward, and managerial competencies are nurtured. With a robust importance on supervision but not on headship, administration and an inward focus take over. But with continued success, the result mostly of market dominance, the problem often goes unaddressed and an unhealthy arrogance begins to evolve. All of these features then make any renovation struggle much more problematic. Arrogant managers can over evaluate their current performance and competitive position, listen poorly, and learn slowly. Inwardly focused employees can have difficulty seeing the very forces that present threats and opportunities. Bureaucratic cultures an smother those who want to respond to shifting conditions. And the lack of leadership leaves no fore inside these organizations to break out of the morass.

Short Reading Comprehension for SBI Clerk Exam : part 20

Short Reading Comprehension for SBI Clerk Exam:part 20

During the Christian Era, the ecclesiastics controlled the institution of education and diffused among the people the gospel of the Bible and religious teachings.

They taught the poor people to be meek and to earn their bread with the sweat of their brow. while the priests and the landlords. lived in luxury. During the Renaissance, education passed from the clutches of the priests into the hands of the prince. It became more secular. Thus, under the control of the monarch, education began to preach the infallibility of the monarch which meant that the king could do no wrong. With the advent of Industrial Revolution, education no longer remained the privilege of the baron class, but was thrown open to the new rich merchant class. The philosophy in vogue during this period was that of 'Laissez Faire --- restricting the function of the state to merely keeping law and order, while in actual practice the law of the jungle prevailed in the form of free competition and the survival of the fittest. 

1. During the Christian Era, the institution of the education was controlled by

a. the monarchs

b. the secular leaders of the society

c. the common people

d. the church and the priests

2. During the Renaissance, education was controlled by 

a. the common people

b. the secular leaders of the society

c. the princes

d. the church and the priests

3. Under the control of monarch, education began to preach

a. that kings were gods

b. that the king was infallible

c. that the king, like common man could also do wrong

d. none of the above

4. With the advent of Industrial Revolution, education 

a. was the sole privilege of the baron class

b. was thrown open to the new rich merchant class

c. was free for the poor

d. none of the above

5. The philosophy of  'Laissez  Faire' stands for

a. joint control of the means of production by the state and private enterprise

b. individual freedom in the economic field

c. state control of the means of production

d. restricting the function of the state of merely keeping law and order

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Reading Comprehension for SBI PO Mains: Part 19

Reading Comprehension for SBI PO Mains: Part 19

Enough countries ratified the deal on global warming reached in Paris in December 2015—aiming to keep the increase on pre-industrial temperatures to “well below” 2°C —for it formally to come into effect in November 2016. The world’s governments are starting to act on their pollution-cutting pledges. But two big questions loom large in 2017.
One is the fate of the Paris Agreement under Donald Trump. The president-elect has claimed that global warming is a hoax intended to frustrate American businesses. He will seek to thwart the Clean Power Plan, which sets national standards to limit carbon-dioxide emissions from power plants, and withdraw from the Paris deal itself. However, none of his options is easy. Now that the agreement has entered into force, the country is bound to it for four years. A Trump administration could stymie related environmental efforts, but that would alienate China, among others. The plummeting price of solar and wind power may anyway test Mr Trump’s love of coal. And powerful states, such as California, will lead green endeavours where federal ones fall short.
The second question is whether businesses get serious about curbing their emissions. To stand a chance of limiting the world to warming of less than 2°C, net zero emissions must be reached around the middle of the century. Yet, when totted up, national pledges to curb pollution under the Paris deal will only keep warming to around 3°C. Firms must help bridge the gap.
In many cases they can make money from going greener. Over the decade to 2015 Walmart, the world’s biggest retailer, saved as much as $1 billion annually by changing the routes of its American vehicle fleet, which doubled its efficiency. And their reputations are at risk. In recent years Lego, a maker of toy bricks, has been lambasted for its relationship with the oil industry, and snack giants such as Nestlé have come under attack for the deforestation caused by palm-oil plantations.
But how serious will businesses’ efforts be? In Mr Trump’s America, the pressure may be off. And in the wider corporate world “sustainability” has too often been jargon for activities designed to fob off environmentalists.
Confusion over measurement has not helped: firms lack an agreed means of reporting their impact on the planet. Many ways exist to quantify water use, chemical use and emissions from buildings, products and supply chains. Comparing companies using differing standards is tricky enough. Doing so when firms hide key information can be a joke. The Dow Jones Sustainability Index deemed Volkswagen the world’s most sustainable carmaker in 2015; weeks later, news broke that 11m of the firm’s diesel vehicles had been fitted with software to cheat emissions tests.
In 2017 there should at least be fewer excuses. A taskforce on carbon disclosure will deliver recommendations to the G20 and the Financial Stability Board, a global regulators’ forum. The plan is to create a voluntary framework that will allow companies to report their exposure to climate risks consistently. Once they do so the market can go green more efficiently, armed with more information.
A new carbon-disclosure framework for firms could, therefore, spur progress on national pledges to curb emissions. Other trends could help cut waste. Talk of the “circular economy”, predicated on recycling and reusing products, is in vogue. Leasing models, for everything from cars to light bulbs, can save resources.
The Paris Agreement includes mechanisms to crank up national pledges. Fresh talks will be held in 2018 to take stock of progress; countries will then decide on new goals for themselves in 2020. Even if America has fallen back by then, dreadful air pollution in India and China means their governments cannot ignore emissions. Tree-hugging Europeans will demand further action. So, despite the temptation, in America at least, to shelter behind the new climate-change denier-in-chief in the White House, the best long-term strategy firms can pursue is one that lowers their own impact on the planet.

1. Who has been criticised for the relationship with an oil industry according to the passage?
A. Financial Stability Board
B. the oil industry
C. Volkswagen the world’s most sustainable carmaker
D. a maker of toy bricks
E. none of these

2. Which of the following is not true according to the passage?
i. The Dow Jones Sustainability Index deemed Volkswagen the world’s most sustainable carmaker in 2015; weeks later, news broke that 11m of the firm’s diesel vehicles had not been fitted with software to cheat emissions tests.
ii. To stand a chance of limiting the world to warming of less than 2°C, net zero emissions must be reached around the middle of the century.
iii. When totted up, national pledges to curb pollution under the Paris deal will only keep warming to around 3°C.
A. Only i
B. Only ii
C. Both i and ii
D. Only iii
E. Both ii and iii

3. How can the market go green more efficiently according to the passage?
A. By reusing products
B. By create a voluntary framework
C. When companies will find Many ways to quantify water use
D. When companies will find Many ways to quantify chemical use and emissions from buildings
E. None of these

4. When will countries decide their new goals according to the passage?
A. By 2018
B. By 2020
C. By 2017
D. In 2015
E. In 2020

5. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. A Trump administration could not stymie related environmental efforts, but that would alienate China, among others.
B. Even if America has fallen back by then, dreadful air pollution in India and Russia means their governments cannot ignore emissions.
C. Over the decade to 2015 Walmart, the world’s biggest retailer, saved as much as $1 million annually by changing the routes of its American vehicle fleet, which doubled its efficiency.
D. Many ways exist to quantify water use, chemical use and emissions from buildings, products and supply chains.
E. None of these
6. Choose the word which is MOST SIMILAR in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
Lambasted

A. Criticized
B. Compliment
C. Protest
D. Surrender
E. All are the synonyms.

7. Choose the word which is MOST SIMILAR in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
Hoax
A. Genuine act 

B. Native
C. Original
D. Humbug
E. None of these

8. Choose the word which is MOST OPPOSITE in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
Pledges

A. Convert
B. Promise
C. Break
D. Assure
E. Vow

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Reading Comprehension Set for IBPS Clerk Mains Exam: part 18

Reading Comprehension Set for IBPS Clerk Mains Exam: part 18

Italian super - luxury sports car manufacturer Lamborghini has spread its wings in India. And it, has just opened a dealership in bengaluru, the IT (information technology). capital of the country,
It has already a dealership in Mumbai, the financial capital, and Delhi, the political capital. At a price tag of over Rs. 1 Crore. Who will buy a Lamborghini car? Rather, what gives the Italian car maker the confidence to not only drive into India but also expand its presence? The choice of its location for dealership gives a clue or two to its game plan, and also an insight into its prospective customer profile. While dealership in Mumbai and Delhi are understandable considering the wealth and power that reside in these two metros, the choice of Bengaluru to locate it new dealership indicates that the Italian company is betting big on the neo rich who have sprouted in big numbers in the wake of an unprecedented growth experienced by this city. If super - luxury brand like Lamborghini is sensing an unfolding big opportunity in a New India, other traditional global luxury car makers have turned very ambitious with new launches. Despite high import duty barriers, global luxury car markers continue to believe that roll out new models and ramp up dealership in a bid to sustain the appetite of India's super rich for expensive cars is only likely to grow. After the launch of BMW M5, priced at Rs. 1.35 crore its german rival Mercedes - Benz launched next - generation C- Class, priced at Rs. 40.9 lakh in New Delhi. The C- Class is one of the most successful products of Merc in India. It has so far sold over 20,000 units C- class in India. Till date, Lamborghini had sold around 94 sports cars in the country. It said the high import duty would impact the company's sales in India, and 2014 might see a lower volume. In 2013, it sold around 22 super - luxury sports cars in India. "The import duty in India is higher than many other counties. We want to sell more cars in the country but the import duty in India is high as much as 167 percent. This huge import tax will impact the sales of the super cars in the country," said Automobili Lamborghini President and CEO Stephan Winkelman. Apart from the high import duty, the late launch of its new model Huracan into India market was another reason for lower sales this year. The company expects to improve the sales next year. Lamborghini is also considering the possibility of launching its SUV in India by 2018. In April 2012 the company showcased its concept SUV at the Beijing Auto Show.         

1. Which of the following rationale explains the curtailing of Lamborghini car trade in India?

(A) The price figure ranges over one crore.

(B) Lofty import duty

(C) Delayed launch of its new model

1. Only A

2. Only B

3. Only C and A

4. Only B and C

5. Only A and B

2. What kind of strategy is mentioned in the passage about the car selling geographical factor?

1. Launching a new model every six months will give lots of choices to buyers.

2. Competitive environment leads to better designing of Lamborghini cars.

3. Seeking out well - heeled people who have enormously emerged in Bengaluru. 

4. Mumbai and Delhi are having many rich people, so it was easy for the company to launch their car first here.

5. None of these

3. Which of the following statements is true according to the given passage?

1. Lamborghini in the only company to flourish better in India when it comes to car sales.

2. The new model Huracan's predecessor is Mercedes' C- class 

3. Lamborghini proliferates augmentation in India.

4. Mercedes- Benz is an adherent of Lamborghini.

5. None of these

4. According to the passage what makes the company think that their sales will grow in the country?

(A) The ability of afford high import duties by Indians who are living in rich metropolitan areas.

(B) The inclination of moneyed people towards sports car will potentially grow.

(C) The luxury car is a stipulated requirement or thriving people as it has been seen in Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru. 

1. Only A

2. Only B

3. Only C and A

4. Only B and C

5. Only A and B

5. What can be concluded from the passage about the buyers and sellers of Lamborghini cars?

(A) People in India have a good preference and knowledge about the Lamborghini car.

(B) Buyers are afar of sellers in India, therefore new metropolitan city was opted to launch a new dealership.

(C) Regarding car sales competitive environment is ubiquitous in India.

1. Only A

2. Only B

3. Only C

4. Only B and C

5. Only A and B

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Reading Comprehension For IBPS PO RRB- Part 17

Reading Comprehension For IBPS PO RRB- Part 17

As high-level visits go, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Israel was bound to attract superlatives like ‘historic’ and ‘groundbreaking’. Still, it is clear that the buzz in the relationship is on account of Mr. Modi’s personal diplomatic style and his host’s equally warm response

Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu set the tone when he welcomed Mr. Modi at the airport together with the spiritual leaders of all the major faiths in the region, an honor traditionally reserved for the U.S. President and the Pope. Mr. Modi’s trademark bear hugs were reciprocated, three at the airport, and by the time the visit ended, the TV commentators had lost count!
Mr. Netanyahu gushingly described the relationship between the two countries as “a marriage made in heaven”, but behind the success was a receptive political backdrop as well as the careful planning undertaken by both sides.
Marking 25 years of establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries added to the historic character of an Indian Prime Minister’s first visit to a country that had quietly emerged as a strong defense partner. There had been high-level exchanges but the Indian response was cautious. Foreign Minister Shimon Peres first visited India in 1993, and Jaswant Singh reciprocated in 2000; President Ezer Weizman came in 1997, while President Pranab Mukherji’s visit only took place in 2015. The first Israeli Prime Minister to visit India was Ariel Sharon in 2003, and from the time Mr. Modi came to power, a return visit was a certainty. The two leaders had met on the margins of the UN General Assembly and continued their relationship by tweeting their greetings on Hanukkah and Diwali.
Yet, official-level exchanges between the two countries have been intensive, beginning with the visit of Foreign Secretary J.N. Dixit in early 1993. While relations between Mossad and Research and Analysis Wing had existed earlier, the strategic partnership got cemented when National Security Adviser-level dialogue was established in 1999 between Brajesh Mishra and Gen. (retd.) David Ivry. Gen. Ivry was a former Air Force chief who had led the air raid on Osirak, the Iraqi nuclear reactor, in 1981. Incidentally, Israel was one of the few countries that showed a complete understanding of India’s decision to undertake the nuclear tests in 1998. This reinforced both the defense and the counter-terrorism cooperation relationship.
By 2000, India was acquiring surface-to-air missiles (Barak 1) and UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) from Israel. Subsequently, the refurbishing of MiG-21 aircraft employed Israeli avionics. During the 1999 Kargil war, Israel assisted with laser-guidance kits mated with gravity bombs, carried by the Mirage 2000 aircraft. With U.S. concurrence, Israel sold India the Phalcon airborne early warning system and mounted on the Russian Il-76, provided AWACS capability. Subsequent acquisitions have included Spike anti-tank guided missiles and the long range surface-to-air missiles in both the naval and land versions. Today, Israel has emerged as the third-largest defense supplier for India and accounts for over 40% of Israel’s defense exports.
Commercial relations between the diamond traders in Gujarat and Israel had existed before 1992, but now annual trade grew from $200 million to nearly $5 billion with gems and jewelry accounting for nearly 40%. Gradually, Science and technology, agriculture, biotech, and space emerged as new areas of cooperation.Tourism provided an impetus to people-to-people relations. India emerged as the preferred destination for young Israelis wanting to unwind after their compulsory military service and Hebrew signage in Varanasi, Manali, and Goa is a common sight. Ambassador Pavan Kapoor was being quite mattered of fact when he described the Modi visit as a ‘coming out visit’ for the relationship.

Question 1. 

Who was the first PM of Israel who visited in India and when?
A. Ariel Sharon 2005
B. Ezer Weizman 2004
C. David Ivry 1999
D. Ariel Sharon 2003
E. Ezer Weizman 2003
Ans. D.
The first Israeli Prime Minister to visit India was Ariel Sharon in 2003, and from the time Mr. Modi came to power, a return visit was a certainty.

Question 2. 

Mr. Netanyahu Gushingly described the relationship between the two countries as: 

A. A friendship made on earth
B. A friendship made in heaven
C. A marriage made in heaven
D. An enmity made in heaven
E. N.O.T.
Ans. C.

Question 3.

 Which of the following statement is true according to the passage? 

I. Foreign Minister Shimon Peres first visited India in 1993, and Jaswant Singh reciprocated in 2000; President Ezer Weizman came in 1997, while President Pranab Mukherji’s visit only took place in 2015
II. Foreign Minister Shimon Peres first visited India in 1993, and Jaswant Singh reciprocated in 2001; President Ezer Weizman came in 1997, while President Pranab Mukherji’s visit only took place in 2015
III. Foreign Minister Shimon Peres first visited India in 1993, and Jaswant Singh reciprocated in 2000; President Ezer Weizman came in 1998, while President Pranab Mukherji’s visit only took place in 2015
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. Only III
D. Both I and III
E. None of these
Ans. A.
Solution:
Foreign Minister Shimon Peres first visited India in 1993, and Jaswant Singh reciprocated in 2000; President Ezer Weizman came in 1997, while President Pranab Mukherji’s visit only took place in 2015 

Question 4.

 Which of the following statement is not true according to the passage? 

I. By 2000, India was acquiring surface-to- surface (Barak 1) and UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) from Israel.
II. During the 1999 Kargil war, Israel assisted with laser-guidance kits mated with gravity bombs, carried by the Mirage 2000 aircraft.
III. Israel sold India the Phalcon airborne early warning system and mounted on the Russian Jl-76, provided AWACS capability.
A. Only I
B. Only II
C. Both I and II
D. Only III
E. Both I and III
Ans. E.
Solution:
Israel sold India the Phalcon airborne early warning system and mounted on the Russian Il-76, provided AWACS capability.
By 2000, India was acquiring surface-to-air missiles (Barak 1) and UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) from Israel. 

Question 5.

Now annual trade grew………………………. with gems and jewelry accounting for nearly 40%:
A. From $200 million to nearly $5 billion
B. From $50 million to nearly $5 billion
C. From $2 million to nearly $5 billion
D. From $200 million to nearly $50 billion
E. From $20 million to nearly $50 billion
Ans. A.

Solution: 
but now annual trade grew from $200 million to nearly $5 billion with gems and jewelry accounting for nearly 40% 

Question 6.

Today Israel has emerged as the ………………… supplier for India and accounts for over…………. Of Israel’s defense exports. 

A. Second largest defense, 30%
B. Third largest defense, 40%
C. Second largest defense, 40%
D. Fourth largest defense, 30%
E. Fifth largest defense, 30%
Ans. B.
Solution: 
Today, Israel has emerged as the third-largest defense supplier for India and accounts for over 40% of Israel’s defense exports. 

Question 7.

Choose the word which is MOST SIMILAR in a meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage. 

ACQUISITION:
I. Accomplishment
II. Dearth
III. Failure
A. Only II
B. Only I
C. Only III
D. Both I and II
E. Both II and III
Ans. B

Question 8.

Choose the word which is MOST OPPOSITE in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
RECEPTIVE:
I. Open minded
II. Unfriendly
III. Narrow
A. Only I
B. Only III
C. Only II
D. Both I and II
E. N.O.T.
Ans. C.
Solution: 
RECEPTIVE: Unfriendly

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Reading Comprehension For IBPS PO: Part 16

Reading Comprehension For IBPS PO: Part 16

How will future climate change affect the poor and how does one address both poverty and climate change? This is a conundrum faced by policymakers in India and other developing countries. Moreover, ‘climate-proofing’ sustainable development efforts is important; that is to say, current efforts should remain relevant in the face of future climate impacts.
Among development practitioners, a paradigm shift has taken place in the last three decades or so: income alone is no longer considered as being sufficient to estimate and address poverty. One can have assets and a reasonable income and yet be poor in terms of education, nutrition, health and other living conditions. Nevertheless, in India and many other countries, governments continue to use income or consumption to estimate poverty, with specified thresholds associated with the ‘poverty line’.
On this basis, using consumption expenditure data, the erstwhile Planning Commission estimated poverty in India to be at 22% of the population in 2011-12.
Dimensions of poverty
People living in poverty in various parts of the world share multiple conditions and life circumstances that have been measured and studied as a proxy to assessing poverty. Following the work of Amartya Sen, in particular, and other welfare economists and political philosophers, the dimensions that are considered often include living standards, assets, health, income, consumption and status in their societies. Thus, measures such as nutrition, quality of the floor and roof of houses, access to energy services and drinking water, level of education, jobs, and social conditions such as caste all become relevant when one tries to understand the different manifestations of poverty.
Some countries, such as Mexico, Chile and Colombia, use several dimensions to record poverty using the MPI (Multidimensional Poverty Index), a versatile tool developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) that looks at the dimensions of education, health and standard of living, giving them all equal weightage.
Each dimension includes several markers or indicators that are measured to recognise deficiencies in each. Those who are deprived in at least a third of the weighted indicators are regarded as poor. Measures such as MPI help us to estimate not only how many people are poor, but also the quality and depth of their poverty. One can also estimate the number of people who are likely to become poor as a result of slight additional deprivations, as well as those who are in extreme poverty. The most recent MPI for India calculated using India Human Development Survey data of 2011-12, estimates that 41% of the people were multi-dimensionally poor.
The adverse effects of climate change that are anticipated in South Asia are droughts, floods, heat waves, sea level rise and related problems such as food shortages, spread of diseases, loss of jobs and migration. These will harmfully affect the poorest and further deteriorate the quality of their lives. Numerous studies have shown that the poor suffer the worst effects from climate variability and climate change. One can understand these relationships by recognising that severe storms damage inadequately built houses; floods wash away those living on river banks; and the poorest are the most affected by severe droughts that lead to food shortages and higher food prices.
Projects and programmes designed to help people adapt to the effects of climate change should therefore not inadvertently worsen the living conditions of the poor. Adaptation programmes ought to be designed so that challenges faced by people living in poverty are recognised and reduced. Development policies that consider the context of climate change are often called “climate proofing development”. But even the experts do not know how this should be done for specific sectors, policies, or particular local situations. Multi-dimensional understanding of poverty becomes important in this context of research and policy.
Multiple vulnerabilities
If one were to estimate the various vulnerabilities for poverty at district levels and then overlay expected climate change impacts for these areas, future local problems due to the combination of these would become clearer for policymakers. It may of course be impossible to predict, with great certainty, the precise impact of future climate change at the local scale and estimate how these may interact with current shortcomings in particular dimensions of poverty. Yet, there is already enough general understanding from different parts of the world to take a commonsensical approach to addressing the combination of multiple vulnerabilities.
If we learn for example that a district with severe nutritional deficiency might anticipate extended periods of drought from climate change, then the focus ought to be on improving local food access and to combine this with managing water efficiently to prepare for future water shortages. Similarly, proposed improvements in sanitation and housing ought to factor in the increased likelihood of future flooding events in low-lying areas and use appropriate design strategies that are resilient to water-logging.
In 2015, countries agreed to meet 17 universal goals, officially known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs have targets and indicators that cover a broad range of concerns for human welfare. They include food security, education, poverty alleviation, access to safe and adequate water, energy, sanitation and so on.
The deadline for reaching the SDGs is 2030. This will be a big test for India and other developing countries because these are in fact the major development challenges that the poor countries have been confronting for decades. India is taking the SDGs quite seriously and the NITI Aayog has been coordinating activities relating to their implementation and emphasising their interconnected nature across economic, social and environmental pillars.
Yet, it is critical to recognise that climate variability and climate change impacts can prevent us from reaching and maintaining the SDG targets. Measuring poverty through its different dimensions, along with the consumption measures, would help policymakers figure out which aspects of poverty expose the poor and exacerbate their vulnerability to climate change.
Through such a process, India could also serve as a standard for other poor and developing countries that are beginning to think about inclusive “climate proofed development”.

1. Which of the following country does use the MPI to record the poverty?
A. Mexico
B. China
C. Colombia
D. Both I and II
E. All of these

2. Which of the following is not true according to the passage?
i. A versatile tool developed by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) that looks at the dimensions of education, health and standard of living, giving them all equal weightage.
ii. Those who are deprived in at least a fourth of the weighted indicators are regarded as poor.
iii. People living in poverty in various parts of the world share multiple conditions and life circumstances that have been measured and studied as a proxy to assessing poverty.

A. Only i
B. Only ii
C. Only iii
D. Both i and ii
E. Both ii and iii

3. Who are the most affected by the severe droughts?
i. The poorest
ii. Those who are living at the river banks
iii. Villagers

A. Only ii
B. Only i
C. Only iii
D. Both I and IusiI
E. Both I and III

4. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Using consumption expenditure data, the erstwhile Planning Commission estimated poverty in the world to be at 22% of the population in 2011-12.
B. Using consumption expenditure data, the erstwhile Planning Commission estimated poverty in India to be at 23% of the population in 2011-12.
C. Using consumption expenditure data, the erstwhile Planning Commission estimated poverty in India to be at 22% of the population in 2012-13.
D. Using consumption income data, the erstwhile Planning Commission estimated poverty in India to be at 22% of the population in 2011-12.
E. Using consumption expenditure data, the erstwhile Planning Commission estimated poverty in India to be at 22% of the population in 2011-12.

5. Choose the word which is MOST SIMILAR in the meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage.

i. Placeholder
ii. Procurator
iii. Refuse

A. Only i
B. Only ii
C. Only iii
D. Both I and II
E. All of these

6. The most recent MPI for India calculated using India Human Development Survey data of ………………………………. were multi-dimensionally poor.
A. 2011-12, estimates that 51% of the people
B. 2011-12, estimates that 41% of the people
C. 2011-12, estimates that 47% of the people
D. 2011-12, estimates that 56% of the people
E. None of these

7. Choose the word which is MOST SIMILAR in the meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
i. Build
ii. Develop
iii. Degenerate

A. Only I
B. Only ii
C. Only iii
D. Both I and iii
E. None of these

8. Choose the word which is MOST SIMILAR in the meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage.
i. Flimsy
ii. Major
iii. Rebuff

A. Only i
B. Only ii
C. Only iii
D. None of these
E. All of these

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