Ancient History syllabus for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) primarily 2025

 Ancient History syllabus for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) based on the typical structure of the exam.

Ancient History Syllabus for UPSC CSE (Prelims & Mains)

The Ancient History section is a key part of the General Studies Paper I for the UPSC CSE. It focuses on the history of India from the ancient period up to the early medieval period. Here's a breakdown of the topics usually covered:

1. Prehistoric and Proto-historic Cultures

• Prehistoric India: The Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic); Rock art and cave paintings.
• Harappan Civilization: Indus Valley Civilization (its major sites, features, decline theories, and contributions).
• Neolithic and Chalcolithic Cultures: Early farming societies, transition from hunting-gathering to settled life.

2. Vedic Period

• Early Vedic and Later Vedic Period: Social, political, and economic conditions; Rig Vedic culture, society, and literature.
• Later Vedic Culture: Development of kingdoms, the rise of Brahmanism, philosophical texts (Upanishads, Vedanta), and social stratification (Varna system).

3. Mauryan and Post-Mauryan Period

General Science syllabus for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) primarily 2025

The General Science syllabus for the UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) primarily includes three key areas: Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. The questions in the examination assess candidates' understanding of basic concepts, current developments, and their ability to apply scientific knowledge to real-world situations. Here's a general breakdown of the topics typically included:

1. Physics

• General Science and Technology: Basic concepts and principles, with an emphasis on current developments in the field of science and technology.
• Mechanics: Laws of motion, work, energy, and power; gravitation; fluid mechanics.
• Thermodynamics: Heat and temperature, laws of thermodynamics, applications in engines.
• Electromagnetism: Electric fields, circuits, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic waves.
• Optics: Reflection, refraction, lenses, and optical instruments.
• Modern Physics: Atomic structure, nuclear physics, radioactivity, lasers, and their applications.
• Basic Electronics: Semiconductor devices, transistors, diodes, and digital electronics.

2. Chemistry

• General Chemistry: Basic concepts, atoms and molecules, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, periodic table.
• Inorganic Chemistry: Properties of elements, chemical bonding, transition elements, metallurgy.
• Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons, functional groups, reactions and mechanisms, polymers, biochemistry basics.
• Physical Chemistry: States of matter, chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry.
• Environmental Chemistry: Water, air, and soil pollution, green chemistry, and waste management.

3. Biology