Read the following six passages and answer the items that follow each passage. Your answers to these items should be based on the passages only.
Passage –1
Low-end IoT (Internet of Things) devices are cheap commodity items: addressing security would add to the cost. This class of items is proliferating with new applications; many home appliances, thermostats, security and monitoring devices and personal convenience devices are part of the IoT. So are fitness trackers, certain medical implants and computer-like devices in automobiles. The IoT is expected to expand exponentially — but new security challenges are daunting.
Which one of the following statements is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
(a) Development of enabling technologies in India can be a big boost to its manufacturing sector.
(b) India is not yet fully ready to adopt IoT in view of the imminent security challenges.
(c) Life becomes more comfortable with the development of cheap low-end IoT devices.
(d) As we go digital, we must recognise the huge threat to Internet security from some IoT devices.
Answer: d
Passage - 2
With the digital phenomenon restructuring most social sectors, it is little surprise that global trade negotiations are now eyeing the digital area in an attempt to pre-emptively colonise it. Big Data is freely collected or mined from developing countries, and converted into digital intelligence in developed countries. This intelligence begins to control different sectors and extract monopoly rents. A large foreign company providing cab service, for instance, is not a work of cars and drivers, it is digital intelligence about commuting, public transport, roads, traffic, city events, presonal behavioural characteristics of commuters and driver and so on.
Which one of the following is the most logical and rational corollary to the above passage?
(a) Globalization is not in the interests of India as it undermines its socio-economic structures.
(b) India should be careful to protect its digital sovereignty in global trade talks.
(c) India should charge monopoly rents from multinational companies in exchange for Big Data.
(d) The loss of Big Data from India is proportional to the degree/value of its foreign trade.
Answer: b
Which of the following is most definitively implied by the above passage?
(a) 7 Big Data is the key resource in the digital space.
(b) Big economies create Big Data.
(c) Access to Big Data is the prerogative of developed countries.
(d) Access to and possession of Big Data is a characteristic of developed countries.
Answer: a
Passage - 3
The rural poor across the world, including India, have contributed little to human-induced climate change, yet they are on the frontline in coping with its effects. Farmers can no longer rely on historical averages for rainfall and temperature, and the more frequent and extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods, can spell disaster. And there are new threats, such as sea level rise and the impact of melting glaciers on water supply. How significant are small farms? As many as two billion peopre worldwide depend on them for their food and livelihood. Small-holder farmers in India produce 41 percent of the country's food grains, and other food items that contribute to local and national food security.
What is the most logical and rational Corry to the above passage?
(a) Supporting small farmers is an important part of any agenda regarding environmentally sustainable development.
(b) Poor countries have little role to play in the mitigation of global warming.
(c) Due to a large number of farmer households, India will not have food security problem in the foreseeable future.
(d) Only small-holder farmers in India can ensure food security.
Answer: a
The above passage implies that
1. There is a potential problem of food insecurity in India.
2. India will have to strengthen its disaster management capabilities.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: c
Passage – 4
A changing climate, and the eventual efforts of governments (however reluctant) to deal with it, could have a big impact on investors' returns. Companies that produce or use large amounts of fossil fuels will face higher taxes and regulatory burdens. Some energy producers may find it impossible to exploit their known reserves, and be left with "stranded assets" — deposits of oil and coal that have to be left in the ground. Other industries could be affected by the economic damage caused by more extreme weather — storms, floods, heat waves and droughts.
On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Governments and companies need to be adequately prepared to face the climate change.
2. Extreme weather events will reduce the economic growth of governments and companies'in future.
3. Ignoring climate change is a huge risk for investors.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: c
Passage - 5
Access to schooling for those coming of school age is close to universal, but access to quality exhibits a sharp gradient with socio-economic status. Quotas for the weaker sections in private schools is a provision introduced by the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009. The quotas have imposed a debate on issues of social integration and equity in education that private actors had escaped by and large, The idea of egalitarian education system with equality of opportunity as its primary goal appears to be outside the space that private school principals inhabit. Therefore, the imposition of the quotas has led to resistance, sometimes justified,
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Making equality of opportunity a reality is the fundamental goal of the Indian education system.
2. The present Indian school system is unable to provide egalitarian education.
3. Abolition of private schools and establishment of more government schools is the only way to ensure egalitarian education.
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only
Answer: a
Passage – 6
A majority of the TB infected in India are poor and lack sufficient nutrition, suitable housing and have little understanding of prevention. TB then devastates families, makes the poor poorer, particularly affects women and children, and leads to ostracisation and loss of employment. The truth is that even if TB does not kill them, hunger and poverty will. Another truth is that deep-seated stigma, lack of counselling, expensive treatment and lack of adequate support from providers and family, coupled with torturous side-effects demotivate patients to continue treatment — with disastrous health consequences.
Which one of the following is the most logical, rational and crucial message conveyed by the above passage?
(a) TB is not a curable disease in Indian circumstances.
(b) Curing TB requires more than diagnosis and medical treatment.
(c) Government's surveillance mechanism is deficient; and poor people have no access to treatment.
(d) India will be free from diseases like TB only when its poverty alleviation programmes are effectively and successfully implemented.
Answer: b
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