Protein Deficiency in Rual India

Protein Deficiency in Rual India

For Prelims: Malnutrition, Poverty, Calorific Deficiency, Hidden Hunger, Micronutrient Deficiency
For Mains: Issues Associated with Malnutrition in India, Current Government Initiatives to Tackle Malnutrition.

Why in News?

A recent study by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) highlighted that despite the availability and affordability of protein-rich foods, rural India suffers from "hidden hunger."

Note:
Hidden Hunger: This term refers to a type of malnutrition where people consume adequate calories but lack essential nutrients, especially proteins and other micronutrients.
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT):

• Established: 1972
• Status: Recognized as a "specified International Organisation" by the Government of India under Section 3 of the United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act, 1947.
• Vision: To achieve prosperity, food security, and resilience in dryland tropics.
• Mission: To alleviate poverty, hunger, malnutrition, and environmental degradation in dryland regions.

Key Findings of the ICRISAT Study on Hidden Hunger:

NBWL and Wildlife Conservation

Biodiversity & Environment

NBWL and Wildlife Conservation

For Prelims: National Board for Wildlife (NBWL), Gir National Park, Great Indian Bustard, Gharial, Geospatial Mapping, Project Cheetah, Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary, Banni Grasslands, Project Lion, Maldhari Community, Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
For Mains: Recent initiatives and the role of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) in wildlife conservation.

Why in News?

The Prime Minister presided over the 7th meeting of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) at Gir National Park (Junagadh, Gujarat) on World Wildlife Day (3rd March) and unveiled several initiatives to enhance wildlife conservation efforts.

What is World Wildlife Day?

Strengthening Tribunals in India

Strengthening Tribunals in India

For Prelims: Tribunals, Supreme Court, High Court, Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT), Judge Advocate General.
For Mains: Overview of Tribunals, Tribunal Reforms Act, 2021, Challenges associated with Tribunals.

Why in News?

The Supreme Court (SC) is reviewing critical issues affecting tribunals, including assessing the constitutional validity of the Tribunal Reforms Act, 2021. The court emphasized the need to strengthen tribunals for efficient adjudication and to maintain public trust in the judicial process.

What is the Tribunals Reforms Act, 2021?

• Objective: The Act was introduced to streamline tribunal operations by dissolving certain appellate tribunals and transferring their functions to existing judicial bodies like the High Courts.
• Context: The Act was introduced following the Supreme Court's decision in Madras Bar Association vs. Union of India (2021), which struck down parts of the Tribunal Reforms (Rationalisation and Conditions of Service) Ordinance, 2021.

Key Provisions:

• Abolition of Tribunals: The Act dissolves various appellate tribunals, transferring their responsibilities to High Courts and other judicial entities.
• Search-cum-Selection Committee: This committee has been set up to recommend the appointment of tribunal chairpersons and members.
• For Central Tribunals:
  • Chairperson: Chief Justice of India (CJI) or a Supreme Court judge nominated by the CJI.
  • Two Secretaries appointed by the Central Government.
  • Sitting or outgoing Chairperson of the tribunal, or a retired Supreme Court judge/retired High Court Chief Justice.
  • Non-voting member: Secretary of the relevant Union Ministry.
• For State Administrative Tribunals:
  • Chairperson: Chief Justice of the respective High Court.
  • Chief Secretary of the State Government.
  • Chairman of the State Public Service Commission.
  • Sitting or outgoing Chairperson of the Tribunal or a retired High Court Judge.
• Tenure and Age Limits: Chairpersons and members serve for a tenure of 4 years. The minimum age is 50 years, and the maximum is 67 years for members and 70 years for chairpersons.
• Removal of Tribunal Members: The Central Government, on the recommendation of the Search-cum-Selection Committee, can remove a Chairperson or member.

What are Tribunals?

• Definition: A tribunal is a quasi-judicial body that resolves disputes related to administration, taxation, environment, securities, etc.
• Functions: Tribunals adjudicate disputes, determine rights, make administrative decisions, and review administrative rulings.
• Constitutional Provisions: Tribunals were incorporated into the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
  • Article 323-A deals with Administrative Tribunals for public service matters.
  • Article 323-B provides for tribunals in areas such as taxation, foreign exchange, labor disputes, elections, and food security.

Challenges Associated with Tribunals:

• Staff Shortages: The absence of presiding officers, judicial, and technical members has increased case pendency and reduced tribunal effectiveness, particularly in Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) cases.
• Infrastructure Deficiencies: Many tribunals, including the National Green Tribunal (NGT), suffer from inadequate facilities like courtrooms, digital case management, and technical support, affecting their efficiency. Limited reach in urban areas also hinders access to justice, particularly for marginalized communities.
• Procedural Inefficiencies: Frequent adjournments, missed deadlines, and weak enforcement reduce tribunal efficiency, causing litigants to escalate cases to higher courts. For example, 67% of insolvency cases at the NCLT and NCLAT exceed the 330-day deadline under IBC.
• Political and Administrative Indifference: Limited commitment from the government, budget constraints, and cost-cutting measures have hindered tribunal effectiveness.

Way Forward:

• Accelerated Appointments: Prompt appointments of judicial and technical members are crucial for tribunal efficiency. Structured training programs should be introduced to enhance expertise and decision-making.
• Investment in Technology: Enhancing tribunal efficiency through electronic case management, digitization, and e-court integration will streamline case tracking, reduce delays, and improve accessibility.
• Procedural and Administrative Reforms: Tribunals must limit adjournments, impose penalties for delays, and encourage pre-litigation mediation to address case backlogs. Strengthening the registry and administrative staff will help in better scheduling and case management.
• Autonomy and Accountability: Tribunals should be granted more autonomy to function independently. Robust oversight mechanisms should be established to ensure transparency, minimize government interference, and allocate sufficient resources.

Drishti Mains Question:
Discuss the importance of tribunals in the Indian judicial system. Additionally, assess the impact of tribunalisation on the traditional judiciary.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Question (PYQ):
Prelims:
Q. The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 was enacted in accordance with which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India? (2012)

1. Right to healthy environment, construed as a part of the Right to life under Article 21.
2. Provision of grants for raising the level of administration in Scheduled Areas for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes under Article 275(1).
3. Powers and functions of Gram Sabha as mentioned under Article 243(A).
   Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
   (a) 1 only
   (b) 2 and 3 only
   (c) 1 and 3 only
   (d) 1, 2, and 3

Ans: (a)

Mains:
Q. How far do you agree with the view that tribunals curtail the jurisdiction of ordinary courts? Discuss the constitutional validity and competency of tribunals in India. (2018)

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Rising Obesity Burden in India

Rising Obesity Burden in India

For Prelims: World Health Organization (WHO), Body Mass Index (BMI), National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-5, Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs), Ultra-Processed Foods (UPF), Fit India Movement, CSR.
For Mains: Increasing obesity rates, causes, related concerns, and solutions.

Why in News?

The Prime Minister expressed concern over the growing obesity rates, particularly among children, and urged citizens to adopt healthier lifestyles.

What is Obesity?

• Definition: The World Health Organization (WHO) defines obesity as excessive fat accumulation that poses health risks, with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25 or higher categorized as overweight and 30 or above as obese.
• BMI: A simple method used to assess whether an individual has a healthy weight, calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared (kg/m²).

Obesity Statistics:

• India:
  • According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) (2019-21), 24% of Indian women and 22.9% of Indian men are overweight or obese.
  • The percentage of overweight children under five years increased to 3.4% from 2.1% in NFHS-4 (2015-16).
  • Obesity and overweight rates vary significantly across states, genders, and urban-rural divides, ranging from 8% to 50%.
• Global:
  • Between 1990 and 2022, obesity among children and adolescents (5-19 years) rose from 2% to 8%, a fourfold increase.
  • Obesity in adults (18+) more than doubled from 7% to 16%.

Associated Health Risks:
Obesity significantly raises the risk of various non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including:

• Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): Indians suffer from heart attacks and hypertension at least 10 years earlier than people in other countries.
• Diabetes: India has the highest number of diabetes cases (101 million), with obesity contributing to Type 2 diabetes through insulin resistance.
• Cancer: Obesity is linked to cancer, with the number of cancer cases in India expected to rise from 14.6 lakh in 2022 to 15.7 lakh by 2025.
• Joint Disorders: Excess weight puts pressure on joints, increasing the risk of conditions like knee osteoarthritis and back pain.
• Psychosocial Impact: Stigma, bullying, and low self-esteem lead to depression, anxiety, and reduced school performance, particularly among children.
• Economic Impact: In 2019, obesity cost India USD 28.95 billion (Rs 1,800 per capita), equivalent to 1.02% of GDP. By 2030, the obesity-related economic burden could rise to Rs 4,700 per capita or 1.57% of GDP. The Economic Survey 2024-25 recognizes obesity as a significant health challenge and suggests higher taxes on ultra-processed foods (UPFs).

What are the Causes of Obesity?

• Unhealthy Diets: Increased consumption of high-fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) foods and UPFs high in unhealthy fats.
• Low Physical Activity: Sedentary lifestyles, with office jobs and excessive screen time, contribute to a lack of physical activity, leaving nearly half of Indians insufficiently active.
• Poor Urban Infrastructure: A lack of safe cycling lanes, decreasing green spaces, and traffic congestion discourage outdoor exercise and active commuting.
• Air Pollution: Pollution causes inflammation, increases cardio-metabolic risks, and encourages fat accumulation, while discouraging outdoor activities.
• Socioeconomic Barriers: Public distribution systems mostly offer staple grains (rice and wheat), leading to imbalanced diets. High costs limit access to nutritious foods (fruits, vegetables, pulses) for low-income groups. Over 55% of Indians (78 crore people) cannot afford a healthy diet, and 40% lack essential nutrients.

What are Government Initiatives for Obesity Prevention?

Red Color of Mars A study, based on dat

Red Color of Mars

A study, based on data from multiple space missions and ground-based observations, indicates that the red color of Mars is primarily caused by Ferrihydrite, a water-formed iron oxide, rather than the previously believed Hematite.

Ferrihydrite forms in cool, water-rich conditions, whereas Hematite forms in dry, warm environments. This finding suggests that Mars once had liquid water, which may have supported life. The study also uncovered hydrogen bound to iron-rich minerals, providing further evidence of past interactions with liquid water on the planet.

Mars:

Algal Blooms in the River Thames

 Algal Blooms in the River Thames

Tags: Rapid Fire CA, Quick Facts for Prelims, Miscellaneous
Source: DTE

A recent study indicates that climate change is increasing the risk of algal blooms in the River Thames, England, despite a significant 80% reduction in phosphorus levels over the past four decades.

An algal bloom refers to the rapid overgrowth of microscopic algae or algae-like bacteria in freshwater, saltwater, or brackish environments.

Key Findings:

State of India’s Digital Economy Report 2025

State of India’s Digital Economy Report 2025

The State of India’s Digital Economy (SIDE) Report 2025, published by the Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER), reveals that although India is the third-largest global economy, it ranks only 28th in terms of digital user spending, pointing to a disparity in per capita digital adoption.

The report uses the Connect-Harness-Innovate-Protect-Sustain (CHIPS) framework to evaluate digitalization, focusing on technological, economic, and societal factors.

Key Findings:

Aditya-L1 Mission Captures Solar Flare

 Aditya-L1 Mission Captures Solar Flare

India's Aditya-L1 mission has successfully captured its first-ever image of a solar flare 'kernel' in the lower solar atmosphere using the Solar Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (SUIT) payload.

Solar Observation: SUIT observed an X6.3-class solar flare, one of the most intense solar eruptions, in the Near Ultraviolet (NUV) wavelength range (200-400 nm).
Solar Flares: Solar flares are enormous explosions in the Sun's atmosphere that release energy, light, and high-speed particles into space, often associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). These flares are categorized into A, B, C, M, and X classes, with each higher class representing a tenfold increase in energy. X-class flares are the most powerful.

Initiatives in India’s Maritime Sector

 Key Facts for Prelims

Initiatives in India’s Maritime Sector

Why in News?

The Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and Waterways has launched several key initiatives to modernize India’s maritime infrastructure.

What Are the Key Initiatives Taken to Modernize Maritime Infrastructure?

• One Nation-One Port Process (ONOP): This initiative standardizes port operations, minimizing documentation discrepancies. By implementing the ONOP process, the Ministry has reduced container operation documents by 33% and bulk cargo documents by 29%.

• Sagar Ankalan – Logistics Port Performance Index (LPPI) 2023-24: This index assesses port efficiency based on metrics such as turnaround time, berth idle time, and cargo handling performance.

• Bharat Global Ports Consortium: This initiative aims to expand India’s maritime presence by involving key stakeholders in port operations, finance, and infrastructure development. The consortium, comprising India Ports Global Ltd (operations), Sagarmala Development Company Limited (finance), and Indian Port Rail & Ropeway Corporation Limited (infrastructure development), will focus on port expansion, operations, and financing, enhancing India’s position in global trade and logistics.

• MAITRI Platform: The Master Application for International Trade and Regulatory Interface (MAITRI) seeks to digitize trade documentation, reduce processing time, optimize trade flows, and support sustainable development. It facilitates the Virtual Trade Corridor (VTC) between India and the UAE (under IMEC) and plans to expand to BIMSTEC and ASEAN, utilizing AI and Blockchain for greater efficiency and security.

• National Centre of Excellence in Green Port & Shipping (NCoEGPS): This initiative focuses on promoting eco-friendly shipping practices and reducing the carbon footprint. It advocates the use of cleaner fuels and environmentally-friendly port management, aiming to create a sustainable maritime ecosystem in line with global environmental standards.

Initiatives for the Maritime Sector in the Union Budget 2025-26

• Maritime Development Fund (MDF): A Rs 25,000 crore fund dedicated to supporting the maritime sector through equity and debt financing.
• Ship Breaking Credit Note Scheme: This scheme incentivizes ship scrapping by issuing a credit note of 40% of the scrap value, which can be redeemed for purchasing new "Made in India" ships.
• Infrastructure HML (Harmonised Master List): Large ships will be added to the Infrastructure Harmonised Master List (HML), facilitating long-term financing, tax incentives, private investment, and fleet modernization.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year’s Questions (PYQs)

Prelims

Q. Consider the following regarding the Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (2017)

• The inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
• IONS is a voluntary initiative aimed at increasing maritime cooperation among the navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.

Which of the above statements is/are correct?

"Question answer of general knowledge in English" | Geography

• Which country has the longest life expectancy? Hong Kong
• What is the most frequent surname in the United States? Smith
• Who was the Greek god of the Sun in ancient mythology? Apollo
• How many minutes are there in a full week? 10,080
• Aureolin is a shade of which color? Yellow
• How many faces does a dodecahedron have? 12
• What is the 4th letter of the Greek alphabet? Delta
• What company was originally called "Blue Ribbon Sports"? Nike
• What art form is defined as "decorative handwriting or handwritten lettering"? Calligraphy
• Which software company is based in Redmond, Washington? Microsoft
• How many dots are there on a pair of dice? 42
• What does acrophobia refer to? Fear of heights
• December 26 is known by what name in Ireland? Saint Stephen's Day
• Which company manufactured the 3310 phone? Nokia
• Who is the world’s largest retailer? Walmart
• On which day of the week does the Jewish Sabbath begin? Friday
• What do you call a word, phrase, number, or sequence that reads the same backward and forward? Palindrome
• What is the name of the Chinese philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with nature? Taoism

Geography : 

• Where would you be if standing on the Spanish Steps? Rome
• Which city is referred to as "The Eternal City"? Rome
• In which country can you find Mount Kilimanjaro? Tanzania
• True or false: Halloween began as an ancient Irish festival. True

HeroRATS for Tuberculosis Elimination

 HeroRATS for Tuberculosis Elimination

Why in News?

A Tanzanian non-profit organization is conducting research to train African giant pouched rats, also known as HeroRATS, to detect Tuberculosis (TB). These rats exhibit remarkable accuracy, particularly in resource-poor regions. This research could potentially accelerate TB detection in countries like India.

Key Findings of the HeroRATS Research

• HeroRATS: These rats have an exceptional sense of smell due to their highly sensitive olfactory receptors, enabling them to detect diseases like TB.
• Training Process: HeroRATS are trained to detect TB in sputum samples (thick mucus from the lungs). They can screen 100 samples in just 20 minutes, a stark contrast to the 3–4 days required by traditional methods. The results are then confirmed using Ziehl-Neelsen and fluorescent microscopy.
• Improved Detection Rates: HeroRATS have doubled the detection rate of TB in children compared to conventional testing. They were six times more effective at detecting TB in patients with a low bacterial load compared to those with a higher concentration of bacteria. Traditional microscopy often fails to detect TB in these cases.
• Notable Past Achievement: Magawa, another Tanzanian-born African giant pouched rat, was trained to detect landmines and alert handlers for safe removal.

How HeroRATS Can Aid India’s TB Elimination Efforts

• Potential Benefits for India: HeroRATS can offer fast, cost-effective TB screening, especially for children and smear-negative cases, aiding in early diagnosis and reducing transmission. This could play a significant role in alleviating India’s TB burden.
• Integration into NTEP: Introducing rat-based TB detection into the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) through a phased approach, starting with high-TB burden states, could enhance case detection efforts.
• TB in India: India has the highest TB burden, with two deaths occurring every three minutes from TB. The NTEP, under the National Health Mission, aims to make India TB-free by 2025, ahead of the global target of 2030. From 2015 to 2023, TB incidence declined by 17.7%, while TB-related deaths fell by 21.4%.

Key Facts About Tuberculosis

Unlocking the Secrets of Glaciers: Your Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Reading Answers

Glaciers, the majestic sentinels of our planet's frozen realms, hold secrets that span millennia. As powerful agents of change, they sculpt landscapes, influence ecosystems, and serve as indicators of climate change. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the fascinating world of glaciers, unlocking the mysteries surrounding their formation, movement, and impact on our environment. Whether you're a student preparing for exams or a curious explorer eager to expand your horizons, understanding glacier dynamics is essential. Join us as we navigate through the intricate processes that govern these colossal ice masses, equipping you with the knowledge to comprehend reading answers related to this awe-inspiring subject. From the icy depths of the Arctic to the towering peaks of the Himalayas, let’s embark on a journey to demystify glaciers and uncover the crucial role they play in our world today.

Unlocking the Secrets of Glaciers: Your Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Reading Answers

Glaciers, the majestic sentinels of our planet's frozen realms, hold secrets that span millennia. As powerful agents of change, they sculpt landscapes, influence ecosystems, and serve as indicators of climate change. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the fascinating world of glaciers, unlocking the mysteries surrounding their formation, movement, and impact on our environment. Whether you're a student preparing for exams or a curious explorer eager to expand your horizons, understanding glacier dynamics is essential. Join us as we navigate through the intricate processes that govern these colossal ice masses, equipping you with the knowledge to comprehend reading answers related to this awe-inspiring subject. From the icy depths of the Arctic to the towering peaks of the Himalayas, let’s embark on a journey to demystify glaciers and uncover the crucial role they play in our world today.

The Formation and Types of Glaciers

Glaciers are formed through a process that begins with the accumulation of snow over many years. As layers of snow pile up, the weight compresses the lower layers, gradually transforming them into ice. This transformation occurs because the snowflakes recrystallize under pressure, turning into dense, granular ice. Over time, this mass of ice becomes thick enough to flow under its weight, marking the formation of a glacier. The entire process is a testament to the forces of nature at work, requiring specific climatic conditions and significant periods to develop.

Unlocking Success: What Does CSAT Stand for in UPSC and Why It Matters for Your Exam Strategy

As you embark on your journey to conquer the UPSC examinations, understanding CSAT—Comprehension and Aptitude Test—becomes pivotal to your success. This crucial component is not just another hurdle but a key determinant in determining your path through the civil services selection process. With its unique blend of analytical reasoning and comprehension skills, CSAT aims to evaluate your judgment and decision-making abilities under pressure. Ignoring this segment could leave you unprepared, potentially impacting your overall score.

In this article, we'll delve into what CSAT stands for in the context of UPSC and highlight its significance in shaping an effective exam strategy. By unlocking the nuances of CSAT, you'll be better equipped to approach it with confidence and clarity, ultimately enhancing your chances of turning your dreams into reality. Prepare to transform your exam strategy as we explore the essential role CSAT plays on your road to UPSC success.

Unlocking Success: What Does CSAT Stand for in UPSC and Why It Matters for Your Exam Strategy

Understanding CSAT: Definition and Importance

CSAT, or the Civil Services Aptitude Test, is an integral part of the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination. Introduced in 2011, CSAT is designed to assess a candidate's reasoning ability, analytical skills, and proficiency in English comprehension. It serves as a qualifying paper, making it essential for candidates to clear this examination to progress to the next stage of the civil services selection process. The importance of CSAT cannot be overstated, as it ensures that candidates possess the necessary cognitive and decision-making skills required for a career in India's esteemed civil services.

The significance of CSAT lies in its ability to evaluate a candidate's mental faculties under examination conditions. Unlike other sections that focus solely on rote learning and information recall, CSAT tests how well candidates can apply their knowledge in practical scenarios. This aspect is crucial because civil servants often face complex situations that require quick thinking, sound judgment, and the ability to comprehend and analyze information under pressure. Therefore, excelling in CSAT demonstrates a candidate's preparedness for the multifaceted challenges of public administration.

Furthermore, CSAT's inclusion in the UPSC examination underscores the importance of a well-rounded skill set. While domain-specific knowledge is critical, the ability to think logically, communicate effectively, and solve problems efficiently is equally vital. By preparing diligently for CSAT, candidates not only enhance their chances of clearing the preliminary exam but also develop skills that will serve them throughout their civil services career. Emphasizing the importance of CSAT in your exam strategy can thus be the key to unlocking your success in the UPSC examinations.

The Role of CSAT in the UPSC Examination

The UPSC Civil Services Examination is a rigorous process designed to select the best candidates for various administrative positions in the Indian government. The examination process consists of three stages: the Preliminary Examination, the Main Examination, and the Interview. The Preliminary Examination is divided into two papers: General Studies Paper I and General Studies Paper II, the latter being the CSAT. The role of CSAT in this process is critical as it serves as a screening test to filter out candidates for the next stage.

CSAT, despite being a qualifying paper, holds substantial weight in determining a candidate's progression in the UPSC examination. A candidate must score at least 33% in the CSAT paper to qualify for the Main Examination. This means that regardless of how well a candidate performs in General Studies Paper I, failing to clear the CSAT cut-off can result in disqualification. Hence, neglecting CSAT preparation can jeopardize an otherwise strong application. A balanced preparation strategy that gives appropriate attention to both papers is essential for success.

State of Madras vs V.G. Row Case

State of Madras vs V.G. Row Case

For Prelims: Supreme Court, Fundamental Rights, Restrictions on Fundamental Rights
For Mains: Restrictions on Fundamental Rights, Test of Reasonableness in Restricting Rights

Why in News?

The Supreme Court's verdict in the State of Madras vs V.G. Row case, 1952, established the principle of reasonableness for laws that impose restrictions on fundamental rights. It set a significant precedent for judicial review, ensuring that such restrictions are fair, just, and not excessive.

What is the State of Madras vs V.G. Row Case?

Narasu Appa Mali Case 1951

Narasu Appa Mali Case 1951

Why in the News?

The landmark State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali case, decided in 1951, continues to influence the ongoing debate about whether personal laws can be subjected to constitutional scrutiny. The case is still relevant in current discussions on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) and gender justice within religious laws.

What is the State of Bombay v. Narasu Appa Mali Case, 1951?

• Background: Narasu Appa Mali, a resident of Maharashtra, was convicted under the Bombay Prevention of Hindu Bigamous Marriages Act, 1946 for marrying a second wife according to customary practice. The Act criminalized bigamy. The court upheld the law, stating it did not violate Article 14, even though it applied exclusively to Hindus, while Muslim men were permitted to practice polygamy.

• Bombay High Court: The court upheld the constitutionality of the law, asserting that personal laws, unless codified, are not subject to constitutional scrutiny. It ruled that personal laws are exempt from review under Article 13 of the Constitution, thereby allowing practices considered regressive to continue without legal challenge.

Influence on Later Cases:

• Triple Talaq Case, 2017: The Supreme Court (SC) struck down the practice of instant triple talaq, ruling that it was codified under the Shariat Act, 1937, and thus could be scrutinized under the Constitution.

• Sabarimala Case, 2018: The SC criticized the Narasu judgment, stating that all laws, including personal laws, must adhere to constitutional principles.

Current Debate:
Legal experts argue that the Narasu ruling should be revisited, particularly with regard to gender justice. The case is frequently cited to justify non-interference in personal laws, which has led to inconsistent rulings on issues like marriage, inheritance, and customs.

Other Cases Related to Judicial Intervention in Personal Laws:

• Shah Bano Case, 1985: The Supreme Court recognized Muslim women’s right to maintenance, highlighting the need for gender justice in personal laws.

• Sarla Mudgal Case, 1995: The Supreme Court advocated for a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) to prevent Hindu men from converting to Islam to practice polygamy.

• Shayara Bano Case, 2017: The SC declared the practice of Triple Talaq unconstitutional, further promoting gender justice.

Drishti Mains Question:

Personal laws should align with constitutional morality rather than religious traditions. Discuss.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)
Mains
Q. Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting a uniform civil code for its citizens, as outlined in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (2015)

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Amir Khusrau and Sufism

Indian Heritage & Culture

Amir Khusrau and Sufism

For Prelims: Amir Khusrau, Sufism, Khayal, Hindustani Music, Bhakti Movement, Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti
For Mains: Contributions of Amir Khusrau, Spread of Sufism and its Impacts in India

Why in News?

The Prime Minister recently praised Amir Khusrau and Sufism, recognizing them as key elements of India’s pluralistic heritage.

Who is Amir Khusrau?

• About: Amir Khusrau was a 13th-century Sufi poet and musician, often referred to as Tuti-yi-Hind, or the 'Parrot of India.' His birth name was Abu'l Hasan Yamin ud-Din Khusrau, and he was born in Patiali, Etah district, Uttar Pradesh.
• Contributions: Khusrau made enduring contributions to Indian classical music, Sufi qawwali, and Persian literature.
  • Language: He is credited with developing Hindavi, a precursor to modern Hindi and Urdu. His literary works, which include Divans (poetry collections), Mathnawis (narrative poetry), and treatises, blended Persian, Arabic, and Indian traditions, enriching India’s linguistic heritage.
  • Music: Khusrau created new ragas and developed musical forms such as Khayal (a classical Hindustani music style) and Tarana (a rhythmic, fast-paced vocal composition). He is also said to be one of the first to popularize the ghazal and qawwali, both of which became central to Sufi music traditions. Additionally, he is believed to have invented musical instruments like the sitar and tabla.
  • Role in the Delhi Sultanate: Khusrau served five Sultans over five decades, including Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, Jalaluddin Khalji, Alauddin Khalji, Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah, and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. Sultan Jalaluddin Khalji bestowed upon him the title of Amir to honor his literary excellence.
  • Sufi Influence: Khusrau was deeply influenced by his spiritual mentor, Nizamuddin Auliya, whose teachings shaped much of his poetry and music.

What is Sufism?

• About: Sufism is the mystical and spiritual aspect of Islam, emphasizing inner purification, love, and a direct connection with God (Allah). Emerging between the 7th and 10th centuries CE, Sufism arose as a response to rigid institutionalized religion. It prioritizes devotion, self-discipline, and renunciation of materialism to achieve spiritual enlightenment.
• Core Practices: Sufis are organized into communities centered around khanqahs (spiritual centers), led by a master (shaikh or pir). They follow silsilas (spiritual lineages) linking disciples to God and use practices like zikr (remembrance of God), sama (musical recitals), and Fana-o-Baqa (dissolution of the self for union with God) to experience mystical ecstasy.
• Sufism in India: Sufism gained prominence in India during the 13th and 14th centuries, spreading messages of compassion and love for all, exemplified by the concept of Sulh-e-Kul (universal peace).
• Sufi Orders in India: By the 12th century, Sufis had organized themselves into 12 major orders or silsilas. Notable ones include:
  • Chishti Order: Founded by Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, it is the most influential Sufi order in India, associated with figures such as Akbar, Qutbuddin Bhaktiyar Kaki, Nizamuddin Auliya, and Amir Khusrau.
  • Suhrawardi Order: Founded by Bahauddin Zakaria in Multan, this order embraced state support and emphasized the combination of religious knowledge with mysticism.
  • Naqshbandi Order: Emphasizing adherence to Shariat, the Naqshbandi order opposed innovations like musical assemblies and pilgrimages to saints’ tombs. Emperor Aurangzeb followed this order.
  • Rishi Order (Kashmir): Founded by Shaikh Nuruddin Wali, this order was inspired by the Shaivite bhakti tradition and flourished in Kashmir.
• Impact of Sufism:
  • Religious: Sufism emphasized personal devotion and equality, contributing to Hindu-Muslim coexistence.
  • Social: Sufism attracted marginalized groups and weakened caste hierarchies, with khanqahs and madrasas serving as centers of learning.
  • Cultural: Sufi music, particularly qawwali, and Sufi poetry, contributed to Indian music and vernacular literature.
  • Political: The concept of Sulh-i-Kul influenced Akbar’s policies of religious tolerance. Rulers also patronized Sufis to consolidate their authority.

Similarities Between Bhakti and Sufi Movements

Tea Industry and Jhumoir Dance

Tea Industry and Jhumoir Dance

 Agricultural Resources, Cropping Patterns

For Prelims: Jhumoir dance, Tea, Geographical Indication, Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
For Mains: Tea Industry in India – Challenges and Opportunities, Sustainable Agriculture in India

Why in News?

Prime Minister Narendra Modi attended the Jhumoir Binandini 2025 cultural event in Guwahati, Assam, celebrating 200 years of Assam’s tea industry and its Tea Tribe through the traditional Jhumoir dance.

What is Jhumoir Dance?

• About: Jhumur is a traditional folk dance performed by Assam’s Adivasi tea tribes, originating from the Chotanagpur region of Jharkhand. It belongs to the Sadan ethnolinguistic group and is performed during harvests, weddings, and gatherings.
• Performance and Style: The dance is performed by men and women in a circular formation, featuring rhythmic footwork and lively music with instruments like the Madal, Dhol, Taal, and Flute.
• Cultural Significance: Jhumur dance symbolizes unity, pride, and the struggles faced by Assam’s tea garden communities, with songs reflecting themes of migration, exploitation, and social challenges.

Assam’s Tea Tribe

India Achieves Space Docking Milestone

 India Achieves Space Docking Milestone

On March 18, 2025, India became the fourth country—after the US, Russia, and China—to successfully demonstrate space docking and undocking capabilities.

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) autonomously undocked two satellites, SDX01 (the Chaser) and SDX02 (the Target), in space, showcasing India's proficiency in executing complex orbital maneuvers critical for future space exploration missions.

Space docking involves the process of bringing two spacecraft closer and joining them together while in orbit, enabling the assembly of large spacecraft that cannot be launched in a single mission due to weight constraints.

Space undocking, the reverse process, separates a spacecraft from a space station or another spacecraft. This capability is pivotal for India’s ambitious plans, including the Bhartiya Antriksh Station, scheduled for 2035, and the human mission to the Moon by 2040. The upcoming Chandrayaan-4 mission, which aims to return lunar soil and rock samples, will also rely on this technology.

Historically, the first manual space docking was achieved in 1966 by NASA's Gemini VIII, under the command of Neil Armstrong, with the target vehicle Agena. In 1967, the USSR succeeded in its first autonomous docking with the Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188 spacecraft. China performed its first unmanned docking in 2011, followed by its first crewed docking in 2012.

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Agritourism in India

 Indian Economy

Agritourism in India

For Prelims: Agri-tourism, Indigenous Knowledge, Dekho Apna Desh, Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, Banni Grasslands, Swadesh Darshan Scheme, Ashok Dalwai Committee.

For Mains: Agritourism and its potential in India, challenges associated with it, and the way forward.

Why in News?

Himachal Pradesh (HP) is promoting agritourism as a means to boost its economy, where tourism currently contributes around 7% to the state's GDP.

Agritourism Opportunities in HP

• Orchards: HP can cultivate high-value crops like tulips (in Kangra), saffron, and medicinal herbs.
• Educational Agritourism: Students can visit farms to learn about food production and sustainability, while farmers can offer educational tours for a fee.
• Nutraceutical Farming: HP has potential to promote Himalayan herbs, attracting health-focused tourists interested in organic farming and nutraceuticals.
• Cultural Connection: Involve local youth to share farm stories and develop agritourism sites that showcase traditional farming practices and culture.

What is Agritourism?

• About: Agritourism is a commercial activity that combines agriculture and tourism, inviting visitors to farms for educational or recreational purposes while providing additional income to farmers.
• Benefits:
  • Boosting the Rural Economy: Offers farmers alternative income through farm stays, tours, and hands-on experiences, reducing dependency on uncertain crop yields.
  • Job Creation: It creates employment opportunities for artisans, guides, cooks, and transport providers, with rural women and youth benefiting the most.
  • Sustainable Tourism: Promotes organic farming, water conservation, and eco-friendly accommodations, unlike mass tourism, which strains resources.
  • Preserving Agricultural Heritage: Helps preserve traditional farming, crafts, folk music, and indigenous knowledge, allowing tourists to experience and support rural heritage.
  • Building Social Capital: Strengthens ties between rural and urban communities through shared experiences, knowledge exchange, and economic interactions.
  • Educational Experiences: Visitors can learn about organic farming, animal husbandry, and environmental conservation, with schools organizing farm visits for hands-on education.
  • Government Alignment: Schemes like Dekho Apna Desh and the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund support agri-tourism by improving infrastructure, marketing, and training for farmers.

State-Level Initiatives:

• Maharashtra: Pioneer in agritourism, establishing the Agro-Tourism Development Corporation (ATDC) in 2005, with a pilot project in Baramati, Pune, and over 328 agritourism centers across 30 districts.
• Karnataka: Coorg offers coffee plantation stays where visitors can experience coffee production from picking to brewing.
• Kerala: Kerala Agro-Tourism Network allows visitors to explore aromatic gardens, learn about spice cultivation, and buy organic spices.
• Sikkim: As India's first organic state, Sikkim offers agritourism experiences including farm visits, sustainable farming lessons, and farmer interactions.
• Punjab: Showcases traditional meals (e.g., sarson da saag, makki di roti) and folk performances to preserve rural culture.

Potential in Other States:

• Bihar: Muzaffarpur’s litchi orchards and Nalanda’s organic farms attract wellness tourists.
• Rajasthan: Desert agriculture, camel farming, and Bishnoi village stays offer insights into sustainable farming and wildlife conservation.
• North-East India: Rich biodiversity and traditional farming methods in states like Arunachal Pradesh (e.g., wet rice cultivation in Ziro Valley) and Meghalaya (e.g., bamboo drip irrigation) can attract eco-tourists.
• Chhattisgarh: Tribal farm tourism in Bastar allows visitors to experience traditional Mahua brewing and organic farming.
• Gujarat: Kutch’s Banni Grasslands offer pastoral tourism with the Rabari community, while Anand features dairy tourism with Amul.

Government Policies & Initiatives:

• Swadesh Darshan Scheme: Promotes theme-based tourism circuits to boost local economies and showcase India’s culture, heritage, and natural resources, such as the Tribal Circuit.
• PMJUGA: Under the Pradhan Mantri Janjatiya Unnat Gram Abhiyan, 1,000 homestays are being developed in tribal areas to boost tourism and livelihoods.
• Dekho Apna Desh Scheme: Encourages domestic tourism, urging Indians to explore lesser-known destinations.
• National Strategy for Promotion of Rural Homestays, 2022: Supports agritourism as part of the Atma Nirbhar Bharat initiative.

Challenges Associated with Agritourism:

Cape Vultures Spotted in South Africa

Rapid Fire

Cape Vultures Spotted in South Africa

After a 30-year absence, Cape Vultures (Gyps coprotheres) have been sighted in South Africa’s Eastern Cape province, near Mountain Zebra National Park.

About the Cape Vulture:
This species is native to Southern Africa, found in South Africa, Lesotho, Botswana, and Mozambique.
It has creamy-buff plumage with dark flight and tail feathers, honey-colored eyes, a bluish throat, and a black bill.
Cape Vultures are carrion feeders, live in groups, and are monogamous, raising one chick per season.
It is classified as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
Among the 23 species of vultures worldwide, only three are exclusive to Africa: the White-headed Vulture, Hooded Vulture, and Cape Vulture.

Global Vulture Distribution:
There are 23 vulture species globally, categorized into:

• Old World vultures (16 species found in Africa, Europe, and Asia)
• New World vultures (7 species found in the Americas and the Caribbean).

PM-YUVA 3.0

PM-YUVA 3.0

The Ministry of Education has launched PM-YUVA 3.0 (Young, Upcoming and Versatile Authors), the Prime Minister’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors.

This initiative aims to train young authors (under 30 years old) to foster reading, writing, and book culture, while promoting Indian literature on the global stage.

Themes:

• Contribution of Indian Diaspora in Nation Building
• Indian Knowledge System
• Makers of Modern India (1950-2025)

The National Book Trust (NBT), under the Ministry of Education, is the implementing agency. The books created will be published by NBT and translated into various Indian languages as part of the Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat initiative.

This scheme aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, supporting the empowerment of young minds and preparing them to become future leaders.

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CPI for Agricultural and Rural Labourers

Rapid Fire

CPI for Agricultural and Rural Labourers

The Labour Bureau, under the Ministry of Labour & Employment, has published the All-India Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL) and Rural Labourers (CPI-RL).

Currently, the CPI-AL and CPI-RL are compiled monthly for 20 states and at the All-India level. In January 2025, they recorded inflation rates of 4.61% and 4.73%, respectively, showing a significant decline and suggesting reduced price pressures on essential goods and services in rural India.

• CPI-AL: This index tracks changes in the cost of living for rural agricultural laborers and is used to adjust minimum wages for agricultural workers across states. CPI-AL is a subset of CPI-RL.
• CPI-RL: This index measures changes in the cost of living for rural laborers.
• Both CPI-AL and CPI-RL use 1986-87 as the base year, which serves as a reference point for comparing statistical changes over time, such as inflation or GDP.

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Quantum Nature of Gravity

Important Facts for Prelims

Quantum Nature of Gravity

Why is it in the news?

Scientists are conducting experiments with nanocrystals to investigate whether gravity adheres to quantum principles.

This research aims to reconcile General Relativity, which explains gravity on macroscopic scales, with Quantum Mechanics, which governs atomic and subatomic interactions. As these theories are fundamentally incompatible, this effort contributes to the search for a unified theory of quantum gravity.

What is the Proposed Experiment to Test Gravity's Quantum Nature?

• About the Experiment: Scientists propose using quantum superposition, where particles exist in multiple states until observed.
• Nanocrystal Test: The experiment will involve placing a test mass crystal in superposition (existing in two locations simultaneously) while another mass interacts with it through gravity.
• Measurement Process: After observing the second crystal, researchers will check whether gravity causes the test mass to collapse into a definite state, which could indicate that gravity follows quantum principles.

Significance: