UPSC CSAT : 2025

Tuesday, 17 June 2025

Uniyala Keralensis

Uniyala Keralensis

On March 18, 2025, researchers confirmed the discovery of a new plant species, Uniyala keralensis (family Asteraceae), in the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve, Kerala.

About Uniyala keralensis:

Genus: Uniyala
Plant Type: A dense shrub with light purple flowers, growing 1-3 meters tall. It flowers and fruits between August and April.
Distinct Features: The plant has larger leaves, longer petioles, and fewer lateral veins compared to U. comorinensis and U. salviifolia.
Distribution: Endemic to southwest India, found in the Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve at an elevation of 700-1,400 meters.
Population: Approximately 5,000 individuals across 4 subpopulations spread over 250 km².
IUCN Status: Data Deficient (DD)

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve:

Location: Situated in the Southern Western Ghats, spanning both Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
Protected Areas: Includes Shendurney, Peppara, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve.
Biodiversity: Home to 2,254 higher plant species, including 405 endemic species, and notable wildlife like the Nilgiri Tahr, Lion-tailed Macaque, Bengal Tiger, and Indian Elephant.
Tribes: Kani tribes inhabit both Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
UNESCO Recognition: Recognized under the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme in 2016.

Neuroscience of Addiction

Neuroscience of Addiction

Why in News?

A recent study, released during Brain Awareness Week (March 10-16), reveals that addiction involves a complex neural circuit in the brain that affects craving, emotional regulation, and decision-making. This highlights addiction as a chronic brain condition, rather than a moral failing, paving the way for more effective treatment strategies.

How Does Neuroscience Explain Addiction?

Role of the Brain in Addiction:
The study identifies three key brain regions involved in addiction: the basal ganglia, extended amygdala, and prefrontal cortex.
- Basal Ganglia: This region helps the brain repeat pleasurable activities, whether related to food, social interaction, or addictive substances. It works with neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin to reinforce rewarding behaviors.
- Extended Amygdala: It triggers negative emotions such as anxiety, irritability, and discomfort when substance use is stopped, pushing individuals to continue using substances despite the harm.
- Prefrontal Cortex: This region explains why individuals persist in using substances despite being aware of their harmful effects. It plays a critical role in decision-making, impulse control, and prioritization, making it a key element in addiction.
Vulnerability in Adolescence: Adolescence is a crucial period of heightened vulnerability to substance use as the brain is still developing. The prefrontal cortex, responsible for impulse control and decision-making, matures last, making teens particularly susceptible to addiction.

Other Factors Contributing to Addiction:

Genetic Predisposition: Some individuals are genetically more prone to addiction.
Psychological Factors: Trauma, stress, and mental health disorders increase the likelihood of developing an addiction.
Environmental Influences: Family history, peer pressure, and socioeconomic factors significantly contribute to the risk of addiction.
Age of First Use: Early exposure to addictive substances increases the likelihood of developing long-term dependency.

Note:

Brain imaging techniques, such as MRI, have revealed structural and biochemical changes in the brain due to addiction.
Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) and neurofeedback techniques are helping to rewire the brain and promote recovery.

What is Brain Awareness Week (BAW)?

About: Brain Awareness Week is observed annually in the third week of March to raise awareness about brain science and its role in understanding biology, preventing diseases, and improving healthcare.
It is organized by the Dana Foundation, a private philanthropic organization in New York dedicated to advancing the neurosciences.

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Sunday, 15 June 2025

4th Conference of Global Intelligence & Security Chiefs

4th Conference of Global Intelligence & Security Chiefs

Why in News?

India’s National Security Advisor (NSA) hosted the 4th Conference of Global Intelligence and Security Chiefs, organized by India’s external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), in collaboration with the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS).

The event saw the participation of intelligence officials from over 20 countries, including the heads of the Five Eyes Alliance.

What is the Conference of Intelligence and Security Chiefs?
This is a high-level annual security dialogue conducted as part of the Raisina Dialogue, which is organized by India’s Ministry of External Affairs in collaboration with the Observer Research Foundation (ORF).
The conference was first held in 2022.
Modeled after prominent events like the Munich Security Conference and Singapore’s Shangri-La Dialogue, it serves as a strategic platform for intelligence and security officials to discuss emerging threats, collaborative security frameworks, and current geopolitics and geo-strategies.
The 2025 edition focused on topics such as counterterrorism, transnational crime, intelligence-sharing mechanisms, immigration and extradition, Indo-Pacific cooperation, and efforts to combat terrorism financing and the narcotics trade.

What is the Raisina Dialogue?
[Click Here to Read More: Raisina Dialogue]

What is the Five Eyes Alliance?

About: The Five Eyes is an intelligence-sharing coalition consisting of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Formation and Evolution: It was established during World War II, originating from UK-US collaboration in deciphering German and Japanese codes.
The alliance is primarily based on the UKUSA Agreement (1946), which facilitates extensive surveillance, intelligence collection, and data sharing among the five member countries.
Scope of Operations:
- Interception, collection, analysis, and decryption of global communications.
- Automatic intelligence-sharing among member nations.
- Integrated programs, staff, bases, and analytical processes for global surveillance.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:
Q. From which of the following did India purchase the Barak anti-missile defense systems? (2008)
(a) Israel
(b) France
(c) Russia
(d) USA

Ans: (a)

Q. Recently, the USA decided to support India’s membership in multi-lateral export control regimes called the “Australia Group” and the “Wassenaar Arrangement”. What is the difference between them? (2011)

The Australia Group is an informal arrangement aimed at minimizing the risk of aiding chemical and biological weapons proliferation, while the Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal group under the OECD with identical objectives.
The Australia Group consists primarily of Asian, African, and North American countries, while Wassenaar Arrangement members are mainly from Europe and the Americas.

Regulating India’s Online Gaming

Regulating India’s Online Gaming

For Prelims: Online Gaming, Real Money Gaming (RMG) Industry, Digital Payment Systems, State List, Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA).

For Mains: Factors driving the rise of the gaming industry in India, the need for a code of ethics, and deregulating India's online gaming sector.

Why in News?

Experts are raising concerns about the over-regulation of online gaming, highlighting issues like heavy taxation and legal uncertainties, while advocating for greater operational freedom for these platforms.

Additionally, India's real money gaming (RMG) sector has united to establish a code of ethics to promote ethical and transparent business practices.

What is the RMG Industry?

About: The RMG sector includes platforms like Dream11 and PokerBaazi, where users wager real money with the chance to win or lose funds. The industry generated USD 3.8 billion in revenue during FY 2023-24.
Need for a Code of Ethics:
- Legal Pressures: States such as Tamil Nadu have attempted to impose stringent regulations, including Aadhaar verification and gameplay restrictions (e.g., midnight to 5 AM blackouts).
- Lack of Central Regulation: The Union government's proposed rules for the RMG sector are still not enforced, leaving companies to self-regulate.
- Industry Image: Self-regulation is crucial for RMG companies to demonstrate responsibility and credibility.
- Competition from Offshore Platforms: International gambling websites, which evade GST and ID verification requirements, are rapidly expanding. Ethical commitments are essential for domestic platforms to stand out.

What is Online Gaming?

About: Online gaming involves playing video games over the internet, enabling real-time interaction and competition among players across various devices, such as computers, consoles, and smartphones.
Classification:
- Skill-Based Games: These focus on the player's ability and strategy rather than luck, and they are legal in India (e.g., Dream11, Mobile Premier League).
- Games of Chance: These depend mostly on luck, and are illegal in India (e.g., Roulette).
Market Size:
- In 2023, India became the largest gaming market globally with 568 million gamers and 9.5 billion app downloads.
- The market, valued at USD 2.2 billion in 2023, is expected to reach USD 8.6 billion by 2028.
Key Drivers of Growth:
- Young Demographic: Nearly half of India's population is under 25, creating a massive audience for gaming.
- Smartphone Penetration: The number of smartphone users is expected to increase from 468 million in 2017 to 1.2 billion by 2025.
- Internet Accessibility: India has the second-largest internet user base, and is expected to reach 900 million users by 2025.
- Localized Content: Games are being tailored to Indian tastes, with regional language options and festival-themed events.
- Booming IT Sector: The number of online game development companies in India has increased significantly, contributing to global gaming development.
- Digital Payment Adoption: Digital payment systems have expanded, facilitating smooth online transactions.

Side Effects of Online Gaming:

Addiction: The WHO has officially classified "gaming disorder" as a behavioral addiction under the International Classification of Diseases.
Emotional Symptoms: These include restlessness, irritability, and social isolation.
Physical Symptoms: Players may experience fatigue, migraines, and conditions like carpal tunnel syndrome.

Distinguishing Between Games of Skill and Games of Chance

Aspect	Games of Skill	Games of Chance
Definition	Outcome depends on knowledge, strategy, and skill.	Outcome mainly determined by randomness and luck.
Key Determining Factor	Player skill, decision-making, and practice.	Randomness, probability, and luck.
Control Over Outcome	High – Player’s actions influence the results.	Low – Little to no control over results.
Examples	Chess, Poker, Fantasy Sports, Esports	Slot Machines, Roulette, Lottery, Scratch Cards
Legal Status	Often lightly regulated or exempt from gambling laws.	Strictly regulated due to risk of exploitation.

How is Online Gaming Regulated in India?

Legal Provisions:
- State governments have the power to make laws on gaming, betting, and gambling under the Constitution’s State List (Entry 34).
- Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023: Defines terms related to online gaming, online gaming intermediaries, self-regulatory bodies, and permissible games.
- Prize Competitions Act, 1955: Governs prize-based competitions.
- Public Gambling Act, 1867: Exempts skill-based games from penalties.
- FDI Restrictions: India's policy restricts foreign investment in lotteries, gambling, and betting sectors, including technology partnerships.
- Judicial Stance: In the Dr. KR Lakshmanan Case (1996), the Supreme Court ruled horse race betting as a game of skill, exempting it from most gambling restrictions. However, the Geeta Rani Case (2019) is still pending a decision on whether sports betting qualifies as a game of skill.
- Taxation:
  - The Central Goods and Services Tax (Amendment) Act, 2023 imposes a 28% tax on the total entry value in online gaming.
  - Income Tax Act, 1961: Winnings above Rs 10,000 from any gaming activity are taxed at 30%.

Need for Relaxation of Rules in the Online Gaming Sector

Economic Growth and Employment: The online gaming sector is a burgeoning industry with an expected market size of USD 8.6 billion by 2028, which can create 2-3 lakh jobs.
Enhancing Competitive Advantage: India’s gaming market can thrive globally with regulations that foster innovation and minimize legal and tax barriers.
Ensuring Regulatory Clarity: The Supreme Court's stay on a retrospective GST demand underscores the necessity for clearer and more stable regulations.
Preventing Capital Flight: High taxation drives businesses to offshore platforms, resulting in lost tax revenue and unregulated gaming activities.
Encouraging Innovation: Deregulation can allow gaming startups to focus on growth rather than legal battles, attracting investment and technological advancements.

Way Forward:

Rationalizing Taxation: The government should consider tiered taxation for different types of games to ensure fairness, and reconsider retrospective GST demands.
Categorizing Gaming Platforms: Differentiating platforms by user base can help implement targeted regulations, such as:
- Children & Teens (Under 18): Parental controls, time limits.
- Young Adults (18-25): Awareness campaigns, spending limits.
- Adults (25+): Betting caps, mental health support.
Uniform Regulatory Framework: A co-regulatory model involving both industry and government can ensure compliance and foster responsible gaming.
Responsible Gaming: Platforms should implement awareness campaigns and provide helpline support to prevent addiction, especially in youth. The Tamil Nadu Online Gaming Authority exemplifies efforts to promote responsible gaming.
Stricter Data Protection Enforcement: User data protection laws should be more rigorously enforced to prevent exploitation.

Drishti Mains Question:
Discuss the key drivers of growth in India’s online gaming industry and the challenges posed by excessive regulation.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Water Circularity

Water Circularity

For Prelims: Composite Water Management Index, Water Circularity, Industry 4.0, 3G Ethanol Production, AMRUT 2.0, Central Pollution Control Board

For Mains: Water crisis and management in India, Wastewater treatment and reuse in India, Circular economy.

Why in the News?
A study titled "Waste to Worth: Managing India’s Urban Water Crisis Through Wastewater Reuse," published by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), emphasizes the importance of water circularity. It advocates the reuse of treated wastewater as a solution to both the growing water scarcity and environmental degradation in India.

Key Findings of the Study on Wastewater Reuse

India’s Growing Water Scarcity: India ranks 132nd globally in per capita water availability (India-WRIS), with freshwater resources declining by 73% since 1951 (from 5,200 cubic meters per capita to 1,486 m³ in 2021). Projections suggest a further drop to 1,367 m³ per capita by 2031. India already faces water stress (below 1,700 m³ per capita) and risks becoming water-scarce (below 1,000 m³ per capita) without urgent intervention.
Water Supply vs. Demand: India accounts for just 2% of the world’s landmass but only has 4% of global freshwater resources, despite supporting 18% of the world’s population and 15% of its livestock. This imbalance creates significant pressure on India’s water supply.
Wastewater Generation Crisis: In 2020-21, urban India generated 72,368 million liters per day (MLD) of sewage, but only 44% (31,841 MLD) of it had treatment capacity, and only 28% (20,236 MLD) was treated. The remaining 72% went untreated, causing severe water pollution. Wastewater generation is expected to increase by 75-80% over the next 25 years, reaching 48 billion cubic meters (BCM) annually by 2050—far exceeding current treatment capacity.
Water Governance Challenges: Indian cities depend on distant rivers (e.g., Cauvery for Bengaluru, Krishna and Godavari for Hyderabad), increasing costs and exacerbating shortages, particularly in urban peripheries and informal settlements. The NITI Aayog’s Composite Water Management Index shows 16 states scoring below 50 out of 100, signaling poor water management. Additionally, untreated sewage is commonly discharged into water bodies.
Policy Gaps: While the Ministry of Jal Shakti mandates cities to reuse at least 20% of treated water, compliance remains low. Informal reuse of wastewater in agriculture and industry occurs without structured policies, and untreated sewage is used by farmers, risking health.

What is Water Circularity?
Water circularity involves recycling, reusing, and recovering resources within the water treatment cycle, aiming to maximize value for individuals, businesses, and the environment. This practice reduces waste, lowers pollution, and regenerates natural ecosystems.

Benefits of Water Circularity:

Cost Reduction: Recycling treated wastewater reduces industrial water costs, particularly in power plants and data centers supporting Industry 4.0.
Agricultural Benefits: India generates approximately 317 km³ of municipal wastewater annually, which could irrigate 40 million hectares, about 10% of the nation’s irrigated land.
Economic Value: Wastewater recycling in thermal power plants can save 10 million cubic meters of water per year and generate $300 million annually in benefits.
Nutrient Recovery: Cities generate 2,500 tonnes of nutrients daily from sewage, valued at Rs 19.5 million. Recovering nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater to produce organic fertilizers can reduce reliance on synthetic alternatives, improving soil health and boosting agricultural productivity.
Groundwater Recharge: Using treated sewage for artificial groundwater recharge helps replenish aquifers and enhance water security.
Energy Generation: Extracting biogas from wastewater can power water utilities, while algal biofuel production (3G ethanol) can reduce environmental impact and support India’s climate policies.

Measures to Strengthen Wastewater Reuse in India

Water Credit System: Similar to carbon trading, water reuse credits can incentivize industries to adopt water-efficient practices.
Decentralized Treatment Systems: Implementing decentralized wastewater treatment systems at the household, community, or institutional levels can reduce pressure on centralized sewage treatment plants (STPs) and increase local reuse. Integrating localized systems within Smart Cities under AMRUT 2.0 is essential.
Mandates for Industries and Power Plants: Enforce 100% treated wastewater use in thermal power plants within a 50 km radius of STPs, as per the Power Tariff Policy of 2016.
Wastewater Distribution Networks: Repurposing unused canal networks to channel treated wastewater for irrigation, as demonstrated by Uttar Pradesh, can enhance resource utilization.
Incentives and Regulations: Provide tax incentives, low-interest loans, and financial support for private investments in wastewater recycling. Enforce zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) systems in industries and offer subsidies for adopting these technologies.
Monitoring and Compliance: Enforce stringent standards by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) for wastewater discharge, alongside regular audits. Utilize IoT-based sensors for real-time water quality monitoring at STPs.

Drishti Mains Question:
What is water circularity, and how can it help address India’s water crisis?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims
Q.1. Which of the following ancient towns is well-known for its elaborate system of water harvesting and management, including the construction of dams and water reservoirs? (2021)
(a) Dholavira
(b) Kalibangan
(c) Rakhigarhi
(d) Ropar

Ans: (a)

Dholavira, located on Khadir Beyt in the Rann of Kutch, is noted for its sophisticated water management system, including dams and interconnected reservoirs. It is one of the most significant Harappan sites and showcases advanced urban planning, construction, and water management techniques.

Q.2. With reference to ‘Water Credit,’ consider the following statements: (2021)

It applies microfinance tools to the water and sanitation sector.
It is a global initiative launched under the World Health Organization and the World Bank.
It aims to help poor communities meet their water needs without relying on subsidies.

Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

Ans: (c)

WaterCredit is a microfinance program that addresses the need for affordable water and sanitation solutions, helping poor communities access financing for water infrastructure without relying on subsidies. However, it is not a World Health Organization or World Bank initiative but is launched by Water.org, a non-profit organization.

Mains
Q.1. What are the key features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan, launched by the Government of India for water conservation and security? (2020)

Q.2. Suggest measures to improve water storage and irrigation systems to ensure efficient use amid depleting water resources. (2020)

Thursday, 12 June 2025

Philosophical Perspectives of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Philosophical Perspectives of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

For Prelims: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Fundamental Rights, Fraternity

For Mains: Ambedkar’s philosophy of social justice, comparison between Gandhi’s Gram Swaraj and Ambedkar’s vision of a strong, centralized democracy.

Why in the News?
Baba Saheb Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891-1956) is receiving renewed attention for his philosophy on social justice, equality, and freedom, particularly in the context of caste and gender inequalities.

Philosophical Perspectives of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Pragmatism: Influenced by American philosopher John Dewey, Ambedkar applied pragmatism to address real-world problems such as caste discrimination, social injustice, and economic inequality. His approach focused on practical, action-oriented solutions rather than abstract theories.
Critique of the Caste System: Ambedkar condemned the Hindu caste system as oppressive and unjust. He advocated for a society based on reason and equality, viewing Dalits as victims of systemic oppression, deprived of basic rights and dignity. Ambedkar also reinterpreted Buddhism, founding Navayana Buddhism, which emphasized social equality and ethical living. In his 1936 work, The Annihilation of Caste, he argued that caste is not just a division of labor but a mechanism that perpetuates social and economic inequality.
Legal and Constitutional Views: As the principal architect of the Indian Constitution, Ambedkar envisioned a nation founded on liberty, equality, and fraternity, inspired by the French Revolution. He famously stated, “liberty without equality leads to domination, and equality without liberty leads to oppression,” emphasizing that laws should evolve in alignment with justice and human dignity. He supported the rule of law, fundamental rights, and affirmative action to uplift marginalized communities.
Political Philosophy: Ambedkar believed that democracy should be viewed not just as a political system but as a way of life. He emphasized the importance of liberty, equality, and fraternity in democratic governance.
Economic Philosophy: Rejecting both unregulated capitalism and extreme socialism, Ambedkar advocated for a balanced approach in which the state played a significant role in economic planning. His ideas on land reforms, labor rights, and economic planning were designed to uplift marginalized communities.
Gender Justice: Ambedkar was a strong proponent of gender equality, recognizing the intersectionality of caste and patriarchy. He played a key role in drafting the Hindu Code Bill, aimed at reforming personal laws concerning marriage, inheritance, and divorce. He also stressed the need for women’s education and empowerment to foster an egalitarian society.
Views on Gandhism: Ambedkar criticized Gandhism for offering inadequate reforms regarding caste. While both leaders sought social justice and national progress, Ambedkar called for legal abolition of caste, while Gandhi preferred gradual reform through moral persuasion and non-violence.

Note: Navayana (New Vehicle) Buddhism, founded by Ambedkar in 1956, is a reinterpretation of Buddhism that emphasizes social equality and class struggle over traditional spiritual doctrines. It rejects core Buddhist concepts such as the Four Noble Truths, karma, and nirvana, viewing them as irrelevant to the struggle for social justice. Mass conversions to Navayana Buddhism began in 1956, with October 14th marked as Dhammachakra Pravartan Day.

Comparison of Gandhi and Ambedkar’s Philosophies

Aspect	Mahatma Gandhi	Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Caste System	Believed in the Varna system but opposed untouchability, calling Dalits "Harijans" to uplift their status.	Viewed caste as inseparable from untouchability and advocated for its complete abolition, using the term "Dalit" for self-respect and resistance.
Democracy & Governance	Advocated gradual reform through moral persuasion and non-violence.	Supported legal and institutional reforms to dismantle oppressive systems.
Method of Upliftment	Called on upper castes to uplift Dalits and integrate them into Hinduism.	Empowered Dalits through education, reservations, and self-reliance.
Economic Views	Favored village economy (Gramraj) and self-sufficiency.	Advocated for industrialization and modernization to drive economic progress.
Religion	Remained a Hindu reformist, promoting interfaith harmony.	Rejected Hinduism and converted to Buddhism, which he saw as a religion of equality.
Poona Pact (1932)	Opposed separate electorates, fearing division.	Advocated separate electorates to secure Dalits' political rights.
Legacy	Remembered as the "Father of the Nation," known for his principles of non-violence and moral leadership.	Referred to as the "Architect of the Indian Constitution" and champion of Dalit rights and social justice.

Relevance of Ambedkar’s Philosophy in the Contemporary World

Social Justice: Ambedkar’s vision continues to inspire reservation policies for Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Other Backward Classes (OBC). His advocacy against caste-based violence and discrimination remains central to ongoing social justice movements.
Constitutional Democracy: With challenges such as rising majoritarianism and threats to minority rights, Ambedkar’s call for constitutional morality is more relevant than ever, emphasizing justice and equality for all.
Education for Empowerment: His famous slogan "Educate, Agitate, Organize" highlights the importance of education as a tool for empowerment and resistance against injustice, promoting policies like scholarships, skill development programs, and free education for marginalized communities.
Gender Equality: Ambedkar’s contributions to women’s empowerment, including the drafting of the Hindu Code Bill, continue to influence debates on women’s rights, equal pay, and reforms in personal laws.
Economic Equality & Labor Rights: Ambedkar’s vision of economic justice remains pertinent in discussions on unemployment, wealth inequality, and labor exploitation. His advocacy for state-led industrialization and labor rights remains essential in addressing these contemporary issues.

Conclusion
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s philosophy remains vital in tackling social injustice, caste abolition, and gender inequality. As society continues to confront issues like discrimination, economic disparity, and political majoritarianism, Ambedkar’s ideas serve as a comprehensive guide for creating an inclusive and equitable society.

Drishti Mains Question:
Ambedkar’s philosophy of social democracy, economic justice, and constitutional morality remains crucial in addressing contemporary challenges. Discuss.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions (PYQ)

Prelims
Q. Which of the following parties were established by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar? (2012)

The Peasants and Workers Party of India
All India Scheduled Castes Federation
The Independent Labour Party

Select the correct answer using the codes below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

Mains
Q. Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, despite having divergent approaches and strategies, had a common goal of amelioration of the downtrodden. Elucidate. (2015)

Wednesday, 11 June 2025

Electoral Reforms in India

Electoral Reforms in India

For Prelims: Election Commission of India (ECI), Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC), RPA, 1951, EVM, VVPAT, ERONET (Electoral Roll Management System), Star Campaigners, Totaliser Machines, Model Code of Conduct (MCC), Law Commission, ARC.

For Mains: Issues in India’s electoral process and potential solutions.

Why in the News?
The Election Commission of India (ECI) has called political parties for discussions on strengthening the electoral process, addressing concerns over electoral roll manipulation and duplicate Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC) numbers.

Legal Provisions Governing Elections

Article 324: Grants the ECI authority to oversee the preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of elections to Parliament and State legislatures.
Representation of the People Act, 1950: Provides provisions for election officers such as chief electoral officers, district election officers, and electoral registration officers, along with guidelines for electoral rolls in Parliamentary, Assembly, and Council constituencies.
Representation of the People Act, 1951 (RPA): Focuses on pre-election processes, especially the preparation and maintenance of electoral rolls.
Registration of Electors Rules, 1960: Details procedures for implementing electoral roll provisions under RPA, 1951, including guidelines for the inclusion, correction, or deletion of names.
Delimitation Act, 2002: Redraws the boundaries of parliamentary and assembly constituencies based on the latest Census data.

Evolution of Voting Methods:

1952 & 1957: Separate ballot boxes for each candidate.
1962: Introduction of ballot papers with candidates' names and symbols.
2004: Introduction of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs).
2019: Introduction of mandatory Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) slips with EVMs.

Key Concerns in the Electoral Process

Voting and Counting Issues:

EVM Tampering Concerns: There are calls to revert to paper ballots due to fears of EVM tampering.
VVPAT Verification: Critics of EVMs demand full verification between VVPAT and EVM for all machines, which is currently limited to five per constituency. The Supreme Court has instructed engineers to check microcontrollers' memory if tampering is suspected.
Electoral Roll Manipulation Allegations: Opposition parties allege the inclusion of fake voters before elections, particularly in Maharashtra and Delhi. The ECI attributes this to the previous decentralized EPIC system, which has now shifted to the centralized ERONET (Electoral Roll Management System).
Duplicate EPIC Numbers: Voters in states like West Bengal, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab reportedly have duplicate EPIC numbers. However, the ECI maintains that voting is only allowed at designated polling stations, regardless of the EPIC number.

Campaign Process Issues:

Model Code of Conduct (MCC) Violations: Star campaigners are often accused of using inappropriate language, invoking caste/communal sentiments, and making unverified claims.
Election Expenditure: Candidates frequently exceed spending limits, and political parties have no expenditure caps. During the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, political parties are estimated to have spent nearly Rs 1,00,000 crore.
Criminalization of Politics: In the 2024 elections, 46% of elected MPs (251 individuals) have criminal cases, with 31% (170 MPs) facing serious charges like rape, murder, and kidnapping.

Proposed Reforms

Voting and Counting Reforms:

VVPAT Matching: Propose dividing states into regions and conducting full manual VVPAT counts in case of discrepancies, with verification requests for 5% of EVMs if tampering is suspected.
Totaliser Machines: To protect voter anonymity, the ECI has suggested using totaliser machines to combine votes from 14 EVMs before releasing candidate-specific results.
Tackling Fake Voters: Propose linking Aadhaar to EPIC after consultations, ensuring privacy concerns are addressed. The ECI should also eliminate duplicate voter IDs and guarantee unique EPIC numbers.

Campaign and Electoral Reforms:

Enforcing MCC Violations: Grant the ECI the power to revoke a leader’s 'Star Campaigner' status for serious MCC violations, which would eliminate campaign expenditure relief.
Regulating Election Expenditure: Amend the RPA, 1951 to ensure political party funding to candidates stays within prescribed limits and establish expenditure ceilings for political parties.
Criminalization of Politics: Implement the Supreme Court’s 2018 ruling in Public Interest Foundation v. Union of India, requiring candidates to declare criminal records three times before elections in widely circulated media.

Election Expenditure Limits:

The expenditure limit for candidates is set at Rs 95 lakh for Lok Sabha seats and Rs 40 lakh for Assembly seats in larger states, with different limits in smaller states. However, political parties have no spending restrictions during elections, allowing unrestricted funding.

Committee/Commission Recommendations on Electoral Reforms

Vohra Committee (1993): Suggested strict background checks and the creation of a central agency to investigate links between criminals, politicians, and bureaucrats. It also recommended strengthening electoral laws to combat black money and muscle power.
Election Commission Recommendations: The ECI has suggested disqualifying individuals who are charged with crimes punishable by over five years in prison.
Law Commission (244th Report, 2014): Proposed disqualifying politicians once charges are framed, and increasing penalties under RPA, 1951, for false affidavits, with disqualification upon conviction.
2nd Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC): Backed partial state funding to reduce illegal money in elections, as earlier suggested by the Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998).

Way Forward

Strengthening ECI Powers: Empower the ECI to verify candidates’ criminal records and financial disclosures more effectively.
Addressing Criminalization of Politics: Extend disqualification for serious offenses and fast-track trials for MPs/MLAs to prevent criminals from standing for election.
Electoral Transparency: Mandate real-time political funding and expenditure disclosure, and allow anti-corruption agencies to investigate election-related fraud.
RTI for Political Parties: Bring political parties under the RTI Act, 2005, to ensure transparency in their operations.
Voter Awareness: Encourage media and civil society to monitor elections and implement ethical training for political leaders to promote accountability.

Drishti Mains Question:

Q. Discuss the key challenges in India's electoral process and suggest reforms to enhance electoral transparency and accountability.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims
Q. Consider the following statements: (2021)

In India, there is no law restricting candidates from contesting elections in more than one constituency.
In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three constituencies.
As per existing rules, if a candidate contests from multiple constituencies, their party is responsible for the cost of bye-elections in constituencies they vacate.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3

Ans: (b)

Mains
Q.1 Discuss the procedures for resolving disputes arising from the election of a Member of Parliament or State Legislature under the Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which a candidate’s election may be declared void? What remedies are available to the aggrieved party? Refer to relevant case laws. (2022)

Tuesday, 10 June 2025

Maritime Security Belt 2025

Maritime Security Belt 2025

China, Iran, and Russia conducted the Maritime Security Belt 2025 naval exercises in the Gulf of Oman, near the Strait of Hormuz, amidst ongoing tensions surrounding Iran’s nuclear program.

About the Gulf of Oman:

Location: The Gulf of Oman is a western extension of the Arabian Sea, connecting it to the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf.
Bordering Countries: It borders Iran to the north, the UAE to the west, and Oman to the south.
Notable Islands: Sheytan Island, Al Fahal Island, Dimaniyat Islands, and Sawadi Islands.
Significance: This waterway is the sole maritime route for Iran to access the open seas, making it a key route for global trade and energy transport.
Strategic Importance: Around 20% of the world’s daily oil trade passes through the Strait of Hormuz, which opens into the Gulf of Oman, linking the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman. The Strait lies between Iran, the UAE, and Oman.

Jalanatheswarar Temple

Jalanatheswarar Temple

The Jalanatheswarar Temple in Thakkolam, Ranipet district, Tamil Nadu, is in a state of disrepair. The temple is neglected, with a collapsed wall and an overgrown tank. Its last kumbabishekam (consecration) took place over 15 years ago.

About Jalanatheswarar Temple:

Historical Background: Originally built in 876 AD by Pallava King Aparajitha Varman, the temple's 3-tiered Rajagopuram was added in 1543 AD by Vijayanagara King Veera Prathaba Sadasiva Maharayar.
Location: Situated on the banks of the Kosasthalai river, the temple holds inscriptions from Pallava King Aparajita and Chola King Aditya I, which record grants of land, gold, and goats.
Architectural Style: The temple features Dravidian architecture, akin to the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur and the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.
Temple Features: The 1.5-acre temple has a 3-tiered gopuram, granite walls, and a sand-based Prithvi Lingam (Theenda Thirumeni) of Lord Shiva, worshipped as Lord Jalantheeswarar.
Religious Significance: The temple is one of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams, celebrated in the Tevaram hymns by the Tamil Saivite Nayanar, Sambandar. He was a 7th-century poet-saint who composed 16,000 hymns, 383 (or 384) of which remain a part of Tamil Shaiva tradition.

Sunday, 8 June 2025

Bongosagar 2025 Naval Exercise

Bongosagar 2025 Naval Exercise

The Indian Navy’s INS Ranvir and the Bangladesh Navy’s BNS Abu Ubaidah conducted the Bongosagar 2025 Naval Exercise in the Bay of Bengal, aimed at strengthening operational coordination, maritime security, and regional stability under India’s SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) initiative.

INS Ranvir:

INS Ranvir is the fourth of five Rajput-class Guided Missile Destroyers, commissioned in 1986.

SAGAR:

Launched in 2015, SAGAR is India's foreign policy framework designed to boost cooperation, maritime security, economic growth, and regional trust, with a focus on the Indian Ocean region.

In 2025, India introduced MAHASAGAR (Mutual and Holistic Advancement for Security and Growth Across Regions), a policy building on SAGAR, to promote security, trade, and development across the Global South.

India-Bangladesh Exercises:

India and Bangladesh regularly conduct joint exercises, including the Army's Exercise Sampriti, the Navy's Bongosagar and Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT).

Saturday, 7 June 2025

Transforming Northeast India into a Saffron Hub

Transforming Northeast India into a Saffron Hub

India has recognized Northeast India as the next potential saffron cultivation hub, following Jammu & Kashmir’s Pampore region. This initiative, part of the Mission Saffron project, was announced during the foundation stone-laying ceremony of the North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach (NECTAR) permanent campus in Shillong.

Mission Saffron:

Launched in 2010-11, Mission Saffron is a centrally-funded initiative to promote saffron cultivation in Jammu and Kashmir. Since 2021, the project has been extended to Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Meghalaya under the "Saffron Bowl Project" by NECTAR.

Saffron:

Saffron is a highly valuable spice derived from the stigmas of the Crocus sativus flower, also known as the saffron crocus. It thrives at altitudes of around 2000m, in loamy, sandy, or calcareous soils with a pH level ranging from 6 to 8. It requires a dry to moderate climate, with summer temperatures not exceeding 40°C and winter temperatures as low as -20°C. The saffron from Kashmir has received a Geographical Indication (GI) tag.

NECTAR:

AASHA Workers in India

ASHA Workers in India

Why in the News?

ASHAs (Accredited Social Health Activists) in Kerala have recently staged protests, demanding higher wages and retirement benefits.

Who Are ASHA Workers?

About:
ASHAs are community health volunteers introduced under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) in 2005 to provide essential healthcare services in rural areas. In 2013, NRHM merged with the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM) to form the National Health Mission (NHM).
ASHAs work alongside Anganwadi Workers (AWWs) under the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) to improve healthcare access.
An ASHA is typically a local woman (aged 25-45), preferably married, widowed, or divorced, with at least a Class 10 education. They are considered volunteers under NHM, receiving only task-based incentives, limiting their earnings.
There is one ASHA per 1,000 people, with 9.2 lakh ASHAs in rural areas and 79,900 in urban areas (as of 2022-23).

Key Responsibilities of ASHAs:

Ensure antenatal check-ups and postnatal care, and educate mothers on breastfeeding and infant nutrition.
Support immunization, tuberculosis (TB) treatment, malaria screenings, and disease prevention.
Provide basic healthcare services, essential medicines, first aid, and report births and deaths.

Concerns of ASHA Workers:

ASHAs receive low and irregular payments, ranging from approximately Rs 5,000 to Rs 15,000, with honorariums and task-based incentives that vary by state and are often delayed due to funding issues and Centre-State disputes.
Despite their vital role during the COVID-19 pandemic, which earned them the WHO’s World Health Leaders Award in 2022, ASHAs continue to face challenges.
ASHAs are not classified as government employees, so they are denied fixed wages, pensions, gratuity, provident funds, and medical insurance, although some states, like Andhra Pradesh, offer gratuity.
The 2020 Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour recommended formalizing their roles, but no action has been taken yet.
ASHAs, largely women from marginalized backgrounds, also face gender-based discrimination in the workforce.

How Can ASHA Workers Be Empowered?

Formalization: Recognizing ASHAs as government employees or at least contractual workers under the Code on Social Security, 2020, would ensure they receive essential labor rights and protections.
Skill Development: Offering training programs would help ASHAs enhance their skills and transition into higher healthcare roles, such as Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs).
Financial Security: In light of rising inflation, ASHA workers need financial security. A fixed salary, along with incentives, would ensure stability. Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) could prevent payment delays, empowering them to focus on healthcare without financial strain.

National Health Mission (NHM)

The NHM aims to ensure universal access to quality, affordable, and equitable healthcare services, contributing to Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being).
Extended until 2026, NHM is implemented by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and assists States/UTs in providing accessible and affordable healthcare, with a focus on rural infrastructure, workforce, and service delivery.

Drishti Mains Question:
Discuss how ASHA workers contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 in India.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Prelims
Q. With reference to the National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of an ‘ASHA’, a trained community health worker? (2012)

Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkup
Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy
Providing information on nutrition and immunization
Conducting the delivery of a baby

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans: (a)

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Thursday, 12 June 2025

Wednesday, 11 June 2025

Tuesday, 10 June 2025

About the Gulf of Oman:

Monday, 9 June 2025

About Jalanatheswarar Temple:

Sunday, 8 June 2025

INS Ranvir:

SAGAR:

India-Bangladesh Exercises:

Saturday, 7 June 2025

Mission Saffron:

Saffron:

NECTAR:

Friday, 6 June 2025

Who Are ASHA Workers?

Key Responsibilities of ASHAs:

Concerns of ASHA Workers:

How Can ASHA Workers Be Empowered?

National Health Mission (NHM)

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