UPSC CSAT : May 2025

Monday, 19 May 2025

India’s Energy Strategy

India’s Energy Strategy

Why in News?

India has committed to increasing its oil and natural gas imports from the US, with energy trade projected to rise from USD 15 billion to USD 25 billion in the near future. This move is part of a broader objective to double bilateral trade to USD 500 billion.

The decision is aimed at enhancing India’s energy security while also strengthening economic relations amid global geopolitical shifts.

Why is India Expanding Energy Trade with the US?

Energy Security:
India, the third-largest oil importer and consumer in the world, depends on imports for over 85% of its crude oil requirements. With projected energy demand set to nearly double by 2040 due to rising GDP, supply stability is crucial. Expanding energy trade with the US reduces India’s reliance on West Asia and Russia and diversifies sources, minimizing risks from geopolitical disruptions.

Bilateral Trade Growth:
Increasing energy imports from the US helps balance India's USD 45.7 billion trade surplus with the US in 2024, while supporting the ‘Mission 500’ initiative, which aims to double bilateral trade to USD 500 billion by 2030.

Infrastructure Development:
The availability of competitively priced US crude oil and LNG could make the US a key supplier to India, promoting industrial growth, refining expansion, and petrochemical investments.

Geopolitical Benefits:
Stronger energy ties with the US support India’s bid for full membership in the International Energy Agency (IEA) and can act as a counterbalance to China’s influence in global energy markets.

What is the State of India’s Energy Consumption?

Crude Oil:

Imports (2023-24): 234.26 million tonnes of crude oil.
Import Dependence: India's crude oil import dependence rose to 87.8% in 2023-24, with domestic production meeting less than 13% of total demand.
Future Projection: Crude oil consumption is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.59% to 500 million tonnes by FY40.

Petroleum Products and Diesel:

Continued reliance on petroleum products, with efforts to increase energy efficiency and reduce emissions.

Natural Gas and Cleaner Fuels:

India aims to increase natural gas's share in its energy mix to 15% by 2030, up from around 6% currently.
LNG Imports (2023-24): 31.80 billion cubic meters (bcm), worth USD 13.405 billion.
Ethanol Blending Target: Set to increase to 20% by 2025-26, with ethanol production capacity reaching approximately 1,600 crore litres by September 2024.
Impact of Ethanol Blending: This initiative has reduced CO₂ emissions by 544 lakh metric tons and replaced 181 lakh metric tons of crude oil.

What is India Doing to Meet the Energy Needs?

Increasing Domestic Production:
India aims to double its oil and gas exploration area from 0.5 million sq. km by 2025 to 1 million sq. km by 2030. New projects in the Krishna-Godavari (KG) Basin and offshore exploration efforts are expected to enhance domestic production.

Global Energy Partnerships:
India’s diversified import strategy, which includes sources like the US, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and Africa, ensures security amid geopolitical instability. Russia now supplies 40% of India’s crude oil, up from less than 1% before 2022. India is also strengthening its relationships with the IEA and OPEC+ for long-term contracts.

LNG and Gas Pipeline Expansion:
The Unified Pipeline Tariff aims for a "One Nation, One Grid, One Tariff" system, which will benefit remote consumers and boost gas market growth. India is expanding city gas distribution networks and import terminals to support increasing demand.

Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPR):
The SPR Program acts as a safeguard against supply disruptions and price volatility in global markets. India aims to commercialize 50% of its SPR to raise funds and build additional storage tanks to buffer high oil prices.

Clean and Renewable Energy:
India has set a target of 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, with a focus on expanding solar, wind, and hydro power projects to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Additionally, the government is encouraging ethanol blending, biodiesel, and compressed biogas (CBG), alongside a USD 67 billion investment in hydrogen energy projects in 2024.

Policy Reforms:
India allows 100% FDI under the automatic route for oil and gas PSUs, upstream, and private sector refining projects, boosting investment and energy sector growth. The Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy aims to increase domestic oil and gas production. Subsidies for electric vehicles (EVs), green hydrogen, and biofuels are also being provided to reduce dependence on crude oil.

Conclusion

India’s growing oil and gas requirements are driven by economic growth, rising demand, and a high level of import dependence. To ensure energy security, India is expanding refining capacity, investing in natural gas, diversifying imports, and transitioning to cleaner energy sources.

Drishti Mains Question:
How does India's strategy of diversifying its oil and gas imports impact its energy security?

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs):

Prelims: Q1. With reference to furnace oil, consider the following statements: (2020)

It is a product of oil refineries.
Some industries use it to generate power.
Its use causes sulphur emissions into the environment.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans: (d)

Q2. The term ‘West Texas Intermediate’, sometimes found in news, refers to a grade of (2020)
(a) Crude oil
(b) Bullion
(c) Rare earth elements
(d) Uranium

Ans: (a)

Mains: Q. The question of India’s Energy Security constitutes the most important part of India’s economic progress. Analyze India’s energy policy cooperation with West Asian countries. (2017)

Q. “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)”. Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. (2018)

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Sunday, 18 May 2025

Pelicans and Painted Stork

Pelicans and Painted Stork

Pelicans and painted storks have been observed at the Indira Gandhi Zoological Park in Visakhapatnam.

About Pelicans:

Pelicans (genus Pelecanus) are large water birds recognized for their long beaks and sizable throat pouches, which they use to catch fish.
They are highly social and typically live in colonies of hundreds.
These carnivorous birds primarily feed on fish but also consume amphibians, crustaceans, insects, birds, and small mammals.
Pelicans are found on all continents except Antarctica, favoring warm coastal and inland waters such as lakes and rivers.

About Painted Stork (Mycteria leucocephala):

Vanuatu’s Citizenship by Investment Program

Vanuatu’s Citizenship by Investment Program

Vanuatu’s Citizenship by Investment (CBI) program, often referred to as the “golden passport,” allows wealthy individuals to purchase citizenship, raising concerns about security and transparency.

About Vanuatu’s CBI Program:

The program enables individuals to gain citizenship by making significant financial contributions to the country’s economy.
According to the Henley Passport Index 2025, Vanuatu's passport ranks 53rd globally, offering visa-free access to 113 countries, ahead of China (ranked 59th) and India (ranked 80th).
As a tax haven, Vanuatu imposes no personal income tax, capital gains tax, or inheritance tax, making it appealing to high-net-worth individuals.
Vanuatu is an island nation located in the South Pacific, consisting of 83 islands and situated to the east of Australia and north of New Zealand. Its capital is Port Vila and it is known for active volcanoes, including Mount Yasur.

Concerns:

US Withdrawal from Loss and Damage Fund

US Withdrawal from Loss and Damage Fund

The United States has decided to withdraw from the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF), deepening its disengagement from global climate commitments such as the Paris Agreement and the Green Climate Fund.

About the Loss and Damage Fund (LDF):

Madhav National Park

Madhav National Park

Madhav National Park, situated in the Chambal region of Madhya Pradesh, has been designated as India's 58th Tiger Reserve, and is the 9th Tiger Reserve in the state. The reserve currently houses five tigers.

Key Information about Madhav National Park:

Growth of India’s Biotechnology Sector

Growth of India’s Biotechnology Sector

Why in the News?

At the “Emerging Innovations in Biochemistry and Biotechnology” conference, the Union Minister of Science & Technology discussed the evolution of India’s biotechnology sector, with a special focus on the biotechnology potential of the Himalayan region, particularly Jammu & Kashmir.

Key Facts About India’s Biotechnology Sector:

About: Biotechnology involves the use of biological systems, organisms, or their components to create products and technologies that benefit agriculture, medicine, industry, and sustainability.
Types: Various applications span across agriculture, health, industrial biotechnology, and environmental sustainability.

Growth & Potential:

India’s bioeconomy has expanded over 10 times in a decade, growing from USD 10 billion in 2014 to USD 130 billion in 2024, with a target of reaching USD 300 billion by 2030.
Potential in Jammu & Kashmir: The region’s rich flora and diverse medicinal plants offer great potential for the pharmaceutical and herbal industries. Biotechnological research can help optimize high-altitude crops for better climate resilience and increased productivity.
The Aroma Mission and the Floriculture Revolution (commercial flower farming) are significant contributors to the sector's growth.

Key Breakthroughs in 2024:

Development of the world’s first Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.
Discovery of Nafithromycin, a groundbreaking indigenous antibiotic.
India’s first successful gene therapy experiment for Hemophilia.

Government Initiatives:

BioE3 Policy
Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF)
Bio-RIDE Scheme: From 50 biotech startups in 2014, the target is to reach 9,000 by 2025.

Progress in Global Innovation:

India improved its ranking from 80th in 2014 to 39th in the Global Innovation Index 2024.
India ranks 3rd in the Asia-Pacific region and 12th globally in biomanufacturing.
More than 5,352 Indian researchers are now among the top 2% of scientists globally.

Aroma Mission (Lavender Revolution):

About: Launched in Jammu & Kashmir, it aims to boost India's aroma industry by promoting the cultivation of aromatic crops and essential oil production.
Focus: The cultivation of crops like lemongrass, lavender, vetiver, and palmarosa for fragrant oils used in cosmetics, aromatherapy, and food flavoring.
Nodal Agency: CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow.
Potential Impact: Expected to produce over 2,000 tonnes of oils worth Rs 300 crores annually, create 60 lakh rural jobs, and increase farmer incomes by Rs 60,000–70,000 per hectare annually.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ):

Prelims:
Q. Mycorrhizal biotechnology has been used in rehabilitating degraded sites because mycorrhiza enables plants to: (2013)

(1) Resist drought and increase absorptive area
(2) Tolerate extremes of pH
(3) Resist disease infestation
Select the correct answer using the codes below:

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

Ans: (d)

Q. At present, scientists can determine the arrangement or relative positions of genes or DNA sequences on a chromosome. How does this knowledge benefit us?

It is possible to know the pedigree of livestock.
It is possible to understand the causes of all human diseases.
It is possible to develop disease-resistant animal breeds.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

Ans: (c)

Tuesday, 13 May 2025

Electors Photo Identity Card Number

Electors Photo Identity Card Number

Why in the News?

The Chief Minister of West Bengal has accused the Election Commission of India (ECI) of enabling voter duplication by assigning the same Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC) numbers to multiple voters across different states. In response, the ECI denied any electoral malpractice, attributing the issue to errors in legacy data prior to the implementation of ERONET (Electoral Roll Management System).

What is an EPIC Number?

About: The EPIC number, introduced in 1993 under the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960, is a 10-digit alphanumeric voter ID issued by the ECI to each registered voter. Its purpose is to prevent voter impersonation and electoral fraud.
Issuance and Digital Management: The EPIC number is generated through ERONET, a web-based platform used by election officials to manage voter registration, migration, and deletion of names from electoral rolls. ERONET automates the process in multiple languages and scripts.
Importance: The EPIC number serves as a unique identifier, linking a voter to their photo, constituency, and polling station. Any mismatch in EPIC records could result in voter disenfranchisement or manipulation.

EPIC Duplication Issue:

Strengthening India's Spice Industry

Strengthening India's Spice Industry

Why in the News?

The World Spice Organisation (WSO) has highlighted that although India is the largest producer of spices globally, it controls only 0.7% of the global seasoning market. The WSO has called for increased production and value addition to help India meet its target of USD 10 billion in spice exports by 2030.

Note: The WSO, based in Kochi, Kerala, is a non-profit organization dedicated to food safety, sustainability, and biodiversity in the spice industry.

Current Status of Spice Production in India

Production: In 2022-23, India produced 11.14 million tonnes of spices, a slight increase from the 11.12 million tonnes in 2021-22.
India produces 75 out of 109 spice varieties recognized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Key spices include chilli, cumin, turmeric, ginger, and coriander, which account for 76% of the total spice production.
In FY23, garlic, ginger, and chilli were the top three most produced spices.
Major Spices-Producing States: Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Assam, among others.
Exports: India exports a range of spices, including pepper, cardamom, celery, fennel, fenugreek, garlic, nutmeg, curry powder, and spice oils.
- In 2023-2024, India exported spices worth USD 4.4 billion (approximately 14 lakh tonnes). Chilli accounted for 31% of the total spice exports.
- India exports spices to 200 countries, with key markets including China, Bangladesh, West Asia, and the US.

Concerns:
Despite being the leader in raw spice exports, India holds only 0.7% of the global seasoning market, lagging behind China (12%) and the US (11%).
This is largely due to low value addition, with just 48% of exports being processed products.
Additional challenges include:

Adulteration and pesticide residues, which have led to export rejections, harming India’s reputation in international markets.
Rising competition from countries like Vietnam, Indonesia, Brazil, China, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Madagascar.
Traditional crop varieties, poor processing techniques, and inadequate post-harvest handling result in reduced quality and shelf life of spices.
Limited mechanization increases production costs and lowers efficiency.

Measures to Expand Market Share:
India should aim to increase its share of value-added spices to 70%.

Agro-climatic Diversity: India’s 15 agro-climatic zones support the cultivation of diverse spice varieties. Developing high-yielding, climate-resistant varieties can help boost production and enhance exports.

Government Initiatives to Promote Spice Production & Exports

Spices Board of India (SBI): Established under the Spices Board Act 1986, it functions under the Ministry of Commerce & Industry. The SBI is headquartered in Kochi, Kerala, and promotes 52 spice varieties, ensures quality control, supports research, and connects Indian exporters to global markets.
National Sustainable Spice Program (NSSP): This initiative, led by the SBI and WSO, brings together stakeholders to address sustainability in India’s spice industry.
Spices Parks: The SBI has set up eight spice-specific parks across India to support farmers in post-harvest handling, value addition, and ensuring better pricing for their produce.
Spice Complex in Sikkim: This project is aimed at enhancing spice processing and value addition in the Northeastern region of India.

Drishti Mains Question:
What are the key challenges faced by India’s spice industry in terms of competition, quality control, and processing? Suggest measures to address these issues.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs):
Prelims:
Q. The staple commodities exported by the English East India Company from Bengal in the mid-18th century were: (2018)
(a) Raw cotton, oil-seeds, and opium
(b) Sugar, salt, zinc, and lead
(c) Copper, silver, gold, spices, and tea
(d) Cotton, silk, saltpetre, and opium
Ans: (d)

Q. In the production of saffron, which part of the plant is used? (2009)
(a) Leaf
(b) Petal
(c) Sepal
(d) Stigma
Ans: (d)
Saffron is one of the most expensive spices globally, made from the stigma of the saffron crocus flower. The stigma, part of the female reproductive system of the flower, plays a crucial role in pollination. Therefore, the correct answer is (d).

Sunday, 11 May 2025

Boosting R&D for India's Growth

Boosting R&D for India's Growth

For Prelims: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM), Global Innovation Index 2024, Deep-tech Startups, Quantum Computing, Semiconductors, Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), DRDO, ISRO, BARC.

For Mains: Challenges in India's R&D ecosystem and measures to address them.

Why in the News?

India is the second-largest producer of STEM graduates after China. However, despite this achievement, India ranks 39th on the Global Innovation Index 2024, far behind China (11th), highlighting the country's insufficient Research and Development (R&D) funding.

Key Highlights of India’s R&D Ecosystem

R&D Funding Status: India allocated only 0.65% of its GDP to R&D in 2022, compared to China’s 2.43% and Brazil’s 1.15%.
Need to Prioritize R&D:
- Economic Growth: R&D is vital for India to move beyond its lower-middle-income status and realize its full productivity potential.
- Industrial Development: Sectors like pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and automotive require technological advancements to stay competitive with developed and emerging economies.
- Deep-tech Startups: R&D is essential for startups in fields like quantum computing, biotechnology, robotics, and nanotechnology.
- Labor-Intensive Sectors: As labor costs rise, innovation such as automation, AI integration, and digital tools becomes necessary to enhance productivity and global competitiveness.

Global R&D Scenario:

South Korea: In 1970, South Korea had a low income but increased its R&D spending from 0.4% to 2.5% of GDP by 1990, driving its rapid growth.
China: R&D spending grew from 0.6% of GDP in the late 1990s to 2.4% today, paralleling the country's remarkable growth years.

Challenges in India’s R&D Ecosystem

Low Investment: India's R&D spending is significantly lower than that of advanced economies like the US (3.46%), Japan (3.30%), Israel (5.56%), and South Korea (4.93%).
Government-Centric R&D: Indian R&D still depends heavily on government funding and institutions. In 2020-21, the private sector contributed just 36.4% of total R&D funding.
Weak Academia-Industry Link: Indian research institutions and industries work in silos, limiting innovation and interdisciplinary research. Unlike Stanford’s role in Silicon Valley, India lacks such collaborative models.
Lack of Diversification: R&D efforts in India have traditionally focused on defense and space sectors, neglecting industrial R&D. For example, while missiles (Agni, BrahMos) have received significant attention, semiconductors remain underfunded.
Preference for Imported Technology: Indian industries tend to favor importing technology, being risk-averse, while startups focus on IT and e-commerce instead of deep-tech innovation.
Hurdles in Technology Transfer: Research by organizations like DRDO, ISRO, and BARC often does not translate into commercial products due to bureaucratic obstacles.

India’s R&D Initiatives

Vigyan Dhara Scheme
Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar (RVP)
Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy 2020
VAIBHAV Fellowship

Reforms to Strengthen India’s R&D Ecosystem

Increase R&D Investment: India should raise its R&D spending over the next decade, with a larger portion coming from the private sector.
Leverage Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF): Encourage private sector and philanthropic investment in R&D.
Innovation Fund: The Union Budget 2025–26 proposes an innovation fund of Rs 1 lakh crore to support deep-tech R&D, which should be disbursed within 3–5 years.
University-Led Research Model: Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) should lead upstream research and help industries commercialize technologies.
Efficient Project Management: The ANRF can adopt the model of the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), employing efficient project management and transparent funding.
Encourage Risk-Taking: Early-stage research often involves open-ended exploration, and while it may not always succeed, it is essential for future breakthroughs. The government should track such projects while allowing for some risk-taking.

Conclusion
India's economic future depends on a robust R&D ecosystem, industry-academia collaboration, and policy reforms. By boosting funding, fostering innovation in universities, and supporting risk-taking, India can escape the middle-income trap and emerge as a global leader in science and technology, driving economic growth and technological self-reliance.

Drishti Mains Question:
Analyze the challenges in India’s R&D ecosystem and suggest measures to enhance innovation-led growth.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ):
Prelims:
Q. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)? (2015)

NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government.
NIF is an initiative to strengthen highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with foreign scientific institutions.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans: (a)

Mains:
Q. Discuss the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What are the advantages of the fast breeder reactor program in India? (2017)

Q. Scientific research in Indian universities is declining because a career in science is not as attractive as business professions, engineering, or administration, and universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment. (2014)

Saturday, 10 May 2025

One Candidate, Multiple Constituencies

One Candidate, Multiple Constituencies

Why in the News?

The debate around electoral reforms in India has intensified with the introduction of the One Nation, One Election (ONOE) Bills. This has brought attention to the issue of One Candidate, Multiple Constituencies (OCMC), where a candidate contests elections from more than one constituency.

While legally allowed, this practice raises concerns about governance effectiveness, public trust, and the financial burden caused by frequent elections.

Provisions Regarding OCMC
Representation of Peoples Act (RPA), 1951:

Before 1996: There were no limits on the number of seats a candidate could contest. Winners could vacate all but one seat.
Post-1996: Section 33(7) of the RPA limits candidates to contesting from a maximum of two constituencies in the same election. If a person is elected to multiple seats, they must resign from all but one within the prescribed time, or all their seats will be vacated under Section 70. Bye-elections are held to fill the vacated seats within six months (Section 151A).

Constitutional Provisions:

Article 101: Deals with seat vacation, disqualifications, and dual membership in Parliament.
Article 101(1): Prohibits a person from being a member of both Houses of Parliament, with laws mandating the vacating of one seat if elected to both.
Article 101(2): Prevents a person from holding membership in both Parliament and a State Legislature. If elected to both, they must resign from the State Legislature within the specified time, or their Parliament seat is vacated.
Prohibition of Simultaneous Membership Rules, 1950: A person cannot hold membership in both Parliament and a State Legislature simultaneously.

Key Challenges Associated with OCMC

Favors the Ruling Party: Ruling parties often have an advantage in bye-elections due to their control over state resources, making it difficult for opposition parties.
Financial Strain: Frequent bye-elections due to multiple-seat wins increase costs, putting a financial strain on taxpayers. The 2024 Lok Sabha election cost Rs 6,931 crore, with bye-elections adding Rs 130 crore. The larger concern is the estimated Rs 1.35 lakh crore spent by political parties, raising questions about financial transparency and the potential influence of unaccounted funds (black money).
Parachute Candidacy: In OCMC, parachute candidates, who contest in constituencies where they lack local ties, often sideline grassroots leaders and cause dissatisfaction within parties.
Administrative Disruptions: Frequent elections necessitate repeated enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), which delays government policies and strains resources.
Breach of Voter Trust: OCMC undermines accountability, as it prioritizes political interests over the electorate’s needs, fostering leader-centric politics and weakening democratic processes.
Potential Violation of Fundamental Rights: OCMC could infringe upon Article 19(1)(a) (freedom of speech and expression) by depriving voters of their chosen representative.

Global Practices Regarding OCMC

Australia: A sitting legislator must resign before contesting another parliamentary house.
European Democracies: The UK has banned OCMC since 1983, and most European countries have phased out the practice to ensure clear representation and accountability.
Italy: Candidates cannot contest for both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies simultaneously.
Pakistan & Bangladesh: Candidates can contest multiple constituencies but must vacate all but one if elected.

Reforms to Regulate OCMC

Banning OCMC: The Election Commission of India (ECI) and the 255th Law Commission Report (2015) recommended banning multiple seat contests, enforcing “One Election, One Candidate, One Constituency (OCOC)” to ensure democratic fairness.
Recover Bye-Election Costs: Candidates who vacate a seat should bear the cost of bye-elections to discourage seat-hopping.
Delay Bye-Elections: Extending the cooling-off period for bye-elections to one year would give defeated candidates more time to prepare and reduce the ruling party’s unfair advantage in such elections.
Mandatory Resignation: Candidates should resign from their current position before contesting another election to demonstrate commitment to their elected role.

Conclusion
Elections in India require vast financial and administrative resources. Frequent by-elections due to OCMC waste time and money that could be better spent on development. While the One Nation, One Election initiative lacks strong political backing, enforcing "One Candidate, One Constituency" is crucial for fairness and democratic integrity.

Drishti Mains Question:
The practice of One Candidate, Multiple Constituencies has significant implications. Discuss the challenges it poses and suggest viable electoral reforms to address them.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs):
Prelims:
Q. Consider the following statements: (2017)

The Election Commission of India is a five-member body.
The Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for both general elections and bye-elections.
The Election Commission resolves disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognized political parties.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only

Ans: (d)

Mains:
Q. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (2022)

Friday, 9 May 2025

Social Justice

Social Justice

International Women’s Day 2025

Why in the News?

International Women's Day is celebrated globally on March 8th to honor the achievements of women in various spheres, including cultural, economic, and political fields.

The year 2025 is especially significant as it marks the 30th anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (BPfA), a pivotal milestone in advancing women's rights.

What is International Women’s Day?
About: This special day is dedicated to celebrating women's accomplishments while highlighting gender disparities and advocating for women's rights across politics, society, and the economy.
Theme for 2025: "For ALL Women and Girls: Rights. Equality. Empowerment."
History: The idea was proposed by German activist Clara Zetkin, and the first celebrations took place in 1911 in the USA and Europe. In 1975, the United Nations officially designated March 8th as International Women's Day.
Purpose: It serves as a platform for discussing important issues such as workplace equality, reproductive rights, and leadership representation. Governments and organizations use this day to promote policies that empower women and combat discrimination.

What is the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action?
About: Adopted at the 4th World Conference on Women in 1995 in Beijing, the BPfA is a crucial framework for advancing women’s and girls' rights, advocating for legal protection, service access, youth engagement, and social change.
India is a signatory to the BPfA.
Areas for Action: The declaration identified 12 key areas requiring urgent action to achieve gender equality, offering strategies to ensure equal opportunities for all.
Beijing+30 Action Agenda: To mark the 30th anniversary (1995–2025), this agenda evaluates and appraises the BPfA’s implementation, focusing on six key areas.

Current Status of Women in India:

Maternal Health: Institutional deliveries have increased to 95%, contributing to a decline in maternal mortality from 130 to 97 per 100,000 births between 2014 and 2020.
Modern Contraceptive Use: 56.5% of married women use modern contraceptives, improving reproductive health choices.
Education & Skills: Programs like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao have improved the sex ratio (1020 females per 1000 males as per NFHS - 5) and increased female higher school enrollment by 28% since 2014-15. Vigyan Jyoti (2020) promotes girls’ participation in STEM education, especially in underrepresented areas.
Financial Inclusion: 100 million women have gained financial access through Self-Help Groups (SHGs), while PMGDISHA has trained 35 million rural women in digital literacy. Gender-responsive budgeting stands at 8.8% (2025-26), with USD 55.2 billion allocated to gender-specific programs.
Addressing Gender-Based Violence: 770 One Stop Centres offer medical, legal, and psychological support to women victims. In Odisha, a blockchain system provides quick and confidential survivor support.
Political Representation: The Women’s Reservation Act, 2023 ensures 33% legislative representation for women. India leads globally with 1.4 million women in local governance.
Women in Science & Technology: The Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions (GATI) initiative supports women in STEM, while the G20 TechEquity platform trains young women in emerging technologies.

Challenges to Women’s Empowerment:

Political Underrepresentation: Women hold only 27% of parliamentary seats, 36% of local government positions, and 28% of management roles, hindering inclusive policy-making.
Gender-Based Violence: Despite laws against violence in 88% of countries, conflict-related sexual violence has increased by 50% since 2022, with 95% of victims being women and girls.
Workplace Discrimination: 61% of prime working-age women are employed, compared to 91% of men, earning only 51% of men's income, which deepens inequality.
Unpaid Care Work: Women spend 2.3 times more daily on unpaid care work than men. By 2050, they will still spend 9.5% more time on such work, limiting educational and employment opportunities.
Barriers in Education & Food Security: By 2030, 110 million girls and young women may remain out of school, and 24% of women and girls may face food insecurity, while only 44% of nations are improving education and training for them.
Legal Barriers: In 28 countries, women lack equal rights in marriage and divorce, while 67 countries have no legal protections against gender-based discrimination (UN Women Report).

Way Forward:

Bangus Valley

Bangus Valley

The Jammu and Kashmir government is working to develop Bangus Valley as a prime ecotourism destination.

Located near the Line of Control (LoC) in Kupwara district, north Kashmir, Bangus Valley consists of two bowl-shaped valleys: Bodh Bangus (Big Bangus) and Lokut Bangus (Small Bangus).

The valley is bordered by the Rajwar and Mawar Mountains to the east, Shamasbury and Dajlungun to the west, and Chowkibal and Karnah Guli to the north. Its diverse landscape features grasslands at lower altitudes and dense coniferous forests (Taiga biome).

Gut Bacteria and Vitiligo

Gut Bacteria and Vitiligo

Research indicates that beneficial gut bacteria may play a vital role in treating vitiligo.

The treatment works by suppressing harmful T cells that attack pigment-producing cells, while enhancing protective regulatory T cells.

About Vitiligo:
Vitiligo is a skin condition in which the skin loses its pigment (melanin), resulting in white patches. It is considered an autoimmune disorder.

Causes:
The condition occurs due to the destruction of melanocytes (cells responsible for pigment production) caused by autoimmune responses, genetic mutations, stress, or environmental factors.

Affected Population:

Jan Aushadhi Diwas

Jan Aushadhi Diwas

March 7th each year is celebrated as Jan Aushadhi Diwas to raise awareness about affordable generic medicines available under the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP).

Jan Aushadhi Diwas Overview:
Launched on March 7, 2019, as part of the PMBJP, Jan Aushadhi Diwas is observed with a week-long celebration called ‘Janaushadhi Week,’ held from March 1st to 7th across the country.
2025 Theme: “Daam Kam - Dawai Uttam,” which highlights the importance of affordable and high-quality medicines for all.

PMBJP Background:
Originally started in 2008 as the Jan Aushadhi Scheme by the Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers, it aimed to provide affordable medicines through Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Kendras (PMBJKs). The scheme was revamped in 2015 as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Yojana and renamed as the PMBJP in 2016.

Key Features of PMBJP:

Space Debris Crisis

Space Debris Crisis

Why in News?

A 500-kg metal object crashed in Kenya, raising concerns over space debris and highlighting the growing global issues related to accountability and safety measures for debris reentries.

What is Space Debris?

About: According to the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), space debris refers to all man-made objects, including fragments and parts of them, in Earth’s orbit or re-entering the atmosphere, that are non-functional. This includes defunct satellites, rocket stages, and debris from explosions or collisions.
Origin: Most space debris originates from on-orbit breakups, such as satellites or rocket stages exploding, colliding, or fragmenting in space.
NASA estimates there are 23,000 pieces of debris larger than a baseball, 500,000 marble-sized pieces, and 100 million fragments over one millimeter orbiting Earth.

Space Debris Destruction:

Right to Development and Clean Environment

Right to Development and Clean Environment

In its ruling on The Auroville Foundation vs. Navroz Kersasp Mody (2025), the Supreme Court (SC) affirmed that the right to development through industrialization holds equal importance to the right to a clean environment. The Court stressed the need for a "golden balance" between the two, under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution.

Case Background:
In 2022, the National Green Tribunal (NGT) had halted the development of Auroville in Tamil Nadu, citing environmental concerns in the Darkali forest. The Auroville Foundation challenged this order, arguing that the Auroville Master Plan had statutory authority and did not require additional environmental clearance.

SC Ruling:

Reasonable Classification Test

Reasonable Classification Test

Why in News?

The Anwar Ali Sarkar Case of 1952 is a landmark Supreme Court judgment that laid the foundation for the reasonable classification test under Article 14 of the Indian Constitution. This test has since become a standard for evaluating the constitutionality of laws.

What is the Reasonable Classification Test?

About: This legal principle under Article 14 ensures fairness by allowing the grouping of individuals or entities based on clear distinctions that are logically linked to the law's objectives. It prevents arbitrary discrimination while recognizing that not all cases are identical.
Essential Features:
- Classification must be based on a clear and reasonable distinction.
- The distinction must be logically related to the purpose of the law.
- The classification should serve social or policy needs without violating rights.
- Large groups cannot be arbitrarily selected for different treatment (no class legislation). It must involve justified, not random, differences in treatment.
Significance:
- Support Specific Regulations: The test allows tailored laws for different societal conditions, ensuring that equal treatment does not result in unfair outcomes.
- Guidance for Lawmakers: It assists lawmakers and judges in interpreting statutes, preventing irrational decisions.
- Legitimacy Testing: It assesses the legitimacy of laws, ensuring rationality and reducing legal challenges.
- Standard for Judicial Review: The test offers a framework for courts to review and invalidate arbitrary or irrational administrative actions, ensuring legislative accountability.
Limitations:
- Risk of Unjustified Differentiation: If applied improperly, it can lead to unjust differentiation and potential violations of fundamental rights.
- Subjectivity: Classification factors (e.g., age, gender, physical strength) can be subjective, leading to inconsistent judicial interpretations.

What is the Anwar Ali Sarkar Case, 1952?

Background: In 1950, Anwar Ali Sarkar was convicted under the West Bengal Special Courts Act, 1950 by the Alipore Sessions Court, which sentenced him to life transportation.
SC Judgment (1952): The Supreme Court struck down the law that allowed arbitrary referral of cases to special courts, ruling that the classification lacked a logical connection to a legitimate objective. This ruling established the reasonable classification test under Article 14, allowing exceptions to equality under specific conditions.

Article 14 (Equality Before the Law)

About: Article 14 guarantees that no person, whether a citizen or foreigner, can be denied equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws in India.
- Equality Before the Law: Ensures no special privileges, with the same laws applying to all individuals.
- Equal Protection of the Laws: Guarantees equal treatment in similar circumstances.
Reasonable Classification: Article 14 forbids class legislation but allows reasonable classification based on intelligible differentia (distinguishable differences).

Judicial Stand on the Doctrine of Reasonable Classification

Saurabh Chaudri Case, 2004: The Supreme Court established two key principles:
- Intelligible differentia: The classification must be based on clear and distinct reasons for distinguishing a group.
- Rational nexus: The classification must have a logical connection to the objective of the law.
Shri Ram Krishna Dalmia Case, 1958: A law can be constitutional even if it applies to a specific individual due to unique circumstances, treating them as a class. The presumption is that laws are constitutional, and challengers must prove they violate constitutional standards.

Conclusion:
The Anwar Ali Sarkar Case, 1952 laid the foundation for the reasonable classification test under Article 14, ensuring fairness and equality. This doctrine allows for laws that treat different groups distinctly but requires a logical justification, preventing arbitrary discrimination while promoting social justice.

Drishti Mains Question:
Explain the doctrine of reasonable classification with judicial interpretations.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Mains:
Q. Analyze the distinguishing features of the notion of Right to Equality in the Constitutions of the USA and India. (2021)

Q. Starting from inventing the ‘basic structure’ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy. (2014)

Saturday, 3 May 2025

Need for Balanced Cryptocurrency Regulation

Need for Balanced Cryptocurrency Regulation

Why in News?

While the US has embraced crypto assets, firmly embedding them in the global financial system, countries such as Vietnam are pushing for clear regulations, and the EU is setting global standards with the MiCA framework. Meanwhile, India is still awaiting a discussion paper on the issue.

What is Cryptocurrency?

A cryptocurrency is a type of digital or virtual currency secured by cryptography. Unlike traditional currencies, it operates on a decentralized network, independent of any central government or financial institution.
Transactions involving cryptocurrencies are recorded on a public digital ledger called the blockchain, which is maintained by a global network of computers. Each new transaction is verified and added to the blockchain by these computers.
This decentralized nature and the use of cryptography make it difficult to manipulate the currency or its transactions.
Some of the popular cryptocurrencies include Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Litecoin.

Difference Between Cryptocurrency, e-Money, and Physical Currency

Category	Cryptocurrency	e-Money	Physical Currency (Rs)
Accessibility	Requires internet connection	Requires access to e-devices and agent networks	Physical access to cash, ATMs, and banks
Value	Determined by supply, demand, and trust in the system	Equal to the amount of fiat currency exchanged	Backed by government, influenced by policy
Customer ID	Anonymous	Requires identification	Not required for transactions, but for bank accounts
Production/Issuer	"Mined" mathematically by a community of developers	Issued digitally against equal value of fiat currency	Issued by the central bank (RBI)
Regulator	Mostly unregulated	Central Bank/Board	Central Bank (RBI)

Global Regulations

Global: Most cryptocurrencies operate outside national government regulations, offering an alternative to state-backed currencies.
- Switzerland has embraced cryptocurrency with a clear regulatory framework that ensures investor protection while fostering blockchain innovation.
- In September 2021, El Salvador became the first country to adopt Bitcoin as legal tender.
India: Cryptocurrency in India remains unregulated, although it is not explicitly banned.

Why Does India Need a Policy for Cryptocurrency?

Preventing Talent Exodus: A blanket ban on cryptocurrencies could drive blockchain experts and capital to crypto-friendly countries, as was seen after the RBI's 2018 ban, stalling innovation within India.
Integrating into the Global Financial Ecosystem: By adopting cryptocurrency regulations, India can position itself as a global financial hub, attracting investment and nurturing the growth of crypto startups through initiatives like 'crypto export zones.'
Leveraging New Technology and Services: The increasing demand for blockchain technology presents an opportunity for India to build expertise, thus fostering technological advancements.
Encouraging Financial Innovation: The flexible nature of blockchain allows for innovative business models and applications that could revolutionize various industries, necessitating a balanced regulatory approach.
Enhancing Investor Protections: Implementing strong regulations will help protect investors, curb fraudulent schemes, and regulate crypto assets as commodities, which will also increase tax revenues.
Preventing Misuse: Stricter oversight is needed to prevent the use of cryptocurrencies in illicit activities such as money laundering, ransomware attacks, and investment scams.

Challenges Posed by Cryptocurrency

Market Volatility: The speculative nature of cryptocurrencies leads to significant price fluctuations, posing risks of large financial losses for investors.
Risk of Misuse: Cryptocurrencies' ease of cross-border transfer without accountability increases the risk of money laundering and terror financing.
Scalability Issues: The growing size of blockchain data limits its capacity for large-scale transactions, which could be problematic during national emergencies.
Economic Imbalance: The rise of the cryptocurrency market can disrupt India's traditional money flow, diverging significantly from the cash creation process in the economy.
Lack of Regulatory Oversight: The absence of a dedicated forum or grievance redressal mechanism for crypto assets leaves consumers vulnerable to risks related to transactions and misinformation.

Way Forward

Regulatory Clarity: India needs a comprehensive crypto regulation bill that differentiates between different types of crypto assets based on their use cases.
Investor Protection: Mechanisms for dispute resolution, fraud prevention, and risk disclosures should be established to protect retail investors from bad actors.
Stablecoin and CBDC Integration: India’s Digital Rupee (CBDC) initiative could coexist with cryptocurrencies, with clear regulations and interoperability guidelines. A stage-based approach can allow for phased integration based on risk assessments, regulatory readiness, and technological advancements.
Taxation Reform: The current high tax regime in the crypto sector is pushing businesses abroad. A more balanced tax structure could foster innovation while ensuring government revenue.
Public-Private Collaboration: Engaging with industry leaders, blockchain startups, and international regulatory bodies will help India create policies that promote innovation while managing risks effectively.

Drishti Mains Question:
Discuss the current regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies in India. Evaluate the challenges and suggest measures to ensure a balanced approach that fosters innovation while protecting investors.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Prelims:
Q. With reference to “Blockchain Technology”, consider the following statements: (2020)

It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect, but no single user controls it.
The structure and design of blockchain are such that all data in it is related only to cryptocurrency.
Applications that depend on the basic features of blockchain can be developed without anyone’s permission.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1 and 3 only
Ans: (d)

Q. Consider the following pairs: (2018)
Terms sometimes seen in news | Context/Topic

Belle II experiment — Artificial Intelligence
Blockchain technology — Digital/Cryptocurrency
CRISPR – Cas9 — Particle Physics

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, and 3

Ans: (b)

Mains:
Q. Discuss how emerging technologies and globalization contribute to money laundering. Elaborate measures to tackle the problem of money laundering at both national and international levels. (2020)

Q. What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been affecting Indian society as well? (2019)

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Monday, 19 May 2025

Why is India Expanding Energy Trade with the US?

What is the State of India’s Energy Consumption?

What is India Doing to Meet the Energy Needs?

Conclusion

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